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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Инженерные исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8143</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8151</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49751</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8143-2026-27-1-70-80</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HMGJLL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Factors Influencing the Formation of Augmented Reality Systems</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы, влияющие на формирование систем дополненной реальности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-1241</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2920-9463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglova</surname><given-names>Larisa V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглова</surname><given-names>Лариса Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Mechanics and Control Processes, Academy of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры механики и процессов управления, инженерная академия</p></bio><email>kruglova-lv@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6762-9231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ceesay</surname><given-names>Fafa K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сисей</surname><given-names>Фафа К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student of the Department of Mechanics and Control Processes, Academy of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры механики и процессов управления, инженерная академия</p></bio><email>1042225144@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6787-3517</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samb</surname><given-names>Rokhaya</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самб</surname><given-names>Рокхая</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student of the Department of Mechanics and Control Processes, Academy of Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры механики и процессов управления, инженерная академия</p></bio><email>1042225241@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kruglova L.V., Ceesay F.K., Samb R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Круглова Л.В., Сисей Ф.К., Самб Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kruglova L.V., Ceesay F.K., Samb R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Круглова Л.В., Сисей Ф.К., Самб Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/49751">https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/49751</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study identifies and analyzes the factors influencing the formation, functioning, usability, and efficiency of augmented reality (AR) systems. The first group of factors is determined by the technical characteristics of the system and the information infrastructure. The quality of the sensors determines the degree of detail and reliability of the initial data; devices with low accuracy can cause delays, drift, or jitter, which negatively affect the stability of the virtual object. Accurate positioning and tracking depend on GPS signals, visual-inertial odometry, or marker-based systems that can be affected by multichannel interference, signal jamming, or sensor noise, resulting in a mismatch between the physical and virtual worlds. Network bandwidth limitations affect real-time data streaming, cloud rendering, and multi-user synchronization, and unreliable connections result in skips or delays. The second group of factors refers to environmental conditions. Fluctuations in lighting can cause noise, decrease contrast, and disrupt object detection algorithms, which require the use of reliable computer vision techniques. This study proposes a solution to problems that improves the quality of augmented reality content and is key to the creation and development of AR systems.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Определены и проанализированы факторы, влияющие на формирование, функционирование, удобство использования и эффективность систем дополненной реальности (ДР). Первая группа факторов обусловлена техническими характеристиками системы и информационной инфра-структуры. Качество сенсоров определяет степень детализации и надежность исходных данных; устройства с низкой точностью могут вызывать задержку, дрейф или дрожание, что отрицательно влияет на стабильность виртуального объекта. Точное позиционирование и отслеживание зависят от сигналов GPS, визуально-инерциальной одометрии или систем на основе маркеров, которые могут подвергаться помехам от многоканальности, перекрытий сигналов или шума датчиков, что приводит к несоответствию между физическим и виртуальным мирами. Ограничения пропускной способности сети влияют на потоковую передачу данных в реальном времени, облачный рендеринг и многопользовательскую синхронизацию, а ненадежные соединения приводят к пропуску кадров или задержке. Ко второй группе факторов относятся условия окружающей среды. Колебания освещенности могут привести к появлению шума, снижению контрастности и нарушению алгоритмов обнаружения объектов, что требует применения надежных методов компьютерного зрения. Предложено решение задач, повышающее качество контента дополненной реальности и имеющее ключевое значение для создания и развития систем ДР.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hardware and software</kwd><kwd>sensor fusion</kwd><kwd>environmental conditions</kwd><kwd>computer vision</kwd><kwd>real-time data</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аппаратно-программные средства</kwd><kwd>объединение датчиков</kwd><kwd>условия окружающей среды</kwd><kwd>компьютерное зрение</kwd><kwd>данные в реальном времени</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Azuma RT. A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 1997; 6(4):355-385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Milgram P, Kishino F. A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays. 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