<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Инженерные исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8143</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8151</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">37371</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8143-2023-24-4-323-330</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RARIXZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Laser thermal hardening of gear wheels manufactured from powder materials</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лазерное термоупрочнение колес зубчатых, изготовленных из порошковых материалов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-2540</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разин</surname><given-names>Денис Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of the Department of Physical Materials Science, Institute of New Materials and Nanotechnologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры физического материаловедения института новых материалов и нанотехнологий</p></bio><email>denisrazintv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6727-8525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechnikov</surname><given-names>Iliya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печников</surname><given-names>Илья Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of the Department of Thermal Engines and Power Plants, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Transport</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры тепловых двигателей и энергетических установок, Институт машиностроения и автомобильного транспорта</p></bio><email>pechnikov@laser33.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-8151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Kirill A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of the Department of Functional Analysis and Its Applications, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Physics and Informatics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры функционального анализа и его приложения, Институт прикладной математики, физики и информатики</p></bio><email>golegoga33rus@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-0637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyukhter</surname><given-names>Alexander B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Люхтер</surname><given-names>Александр Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Adviser to the Rector's Office, Director of the Scientific and Educational Center for the Implementation of Laser Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, советник при ректорате, директор Научно-образовательного центра внедрения лазерных технологий</p></bio><email>3699137@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский технологический университет МИСИС</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Владимирский государственный университет им. А.Г. и Н.Г. Столетовых</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 24, NO4 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 24, №4 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>323</fpage><lpage>330</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Razin D.A., Pechnikov I.S., Frolov K.A., Lyukhter A.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Разин Д.А., Печников И.С., Фролов К.А., Люхтер А.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Razin D.A., Pechnikov I.S., Frolov K.A., Lyukhter A.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Разин Д.А., Печников И.С., Фролов К.А., Люхтер А.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/37371">https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/37371</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without timely and targeted improvement of technological processes, in connection with which new and enhanced traditional methods of manufacturing and processing various types of structures and parts are being developed. One of the ways to reduce the economic costs of machining gears made by traditional methods is the transition to the field of powder metallurgy - powder sintering. This paper presents the possibility of a local increase in the mechanical properties of gears made by powder sintering using laser processing. Laser processing was carried out on a robotic welding and heat strengthening complex, which includes a 6-axis industrial robot, a 2-axis welding positioner, a laser head and a 5 kV ytterbium fiber laser. The high porosity of the sintered material compared to cast billets is a factor limiting the possibility of using laser thermal hardening, as it increases the likelihood of melting the edges of the machined surfaces. The present work is aimed at solving this problem. Before carrying out the experiments, the main quality criteria were identified: “no melting” and “hardening depth”. In the course of a series of experiments on laser thermal hardening, it was possible to significantly increase the hardness of the samples (in the delivered state about 30 HRC), which after processing is in the range from 55 to 65 HRC with a depth of up to 2800 μm on gear teeth made of powder materials. However, open questions remain, which are resolved in performance testing, such as durability and wear.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Сложно представить современное машиностроение без своевременного и точечного совершенствования технологических процессов, в связи с чем появляются новые и улучшаются традиционные методы изготовления и обработки различного рода конструкций и деталей. Одним из путей снижения экономических затрат на механическую обработку зубчатых колес, изготовленных традиционными методами, является переход в область порошковой металлургии - порошковое спекание. Представлена возможность локального повышения механических свойств зубчатых колес, изготовленных методом порошкового спекания, с помощью лазерной обработки. Лазерная обработка проводилась на роботизированном комплексе сварки и термоупрочнения, который включает в себя 6-осевой промышленный робот, 2-осевой сварочный позиционер, лазерную головку и иттербиевый волоконный лазер мощностью 5 кВт. Высокая, относительно литых заготовок, пористость спеченного материала является фактором, ограничивающим возможность использования лазерного термоупрочнения, так как способствует повышению вероятности оплавления кромок обрабатываемых поверхностей. Настоящая работа направлена на решение данной проблемы. Перед проведением экспериментов были выделены основные критерии качества: «отсутствие оплавления» и «глубина упрочнения». В ходе проводимой серии экспериментов по лазерному термическому упрочнению удалось существенно повысить твердость образцов (в состоянии поставки около 30 HRC), которая после обработки находится в диапазоне от 55 до 65 HRC глубиной до 2800 мкм на зубьях шестерен, изготовленных из порошковых материалов. Однако остаются открытыми вопросы, находящие решение в проведении эксплуатационных испытаний, таких как долговечность и износ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>powder metallurgy</kwd><kwd>laser thermal hardening</kwd><kwd>gear wheel</kwd><kwd>hardening</kwd><kwd>metallographic examination</kwd><kwd>hardness</kwd><kwd>microhardness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>порошковая металлургия</kwd><kwd>лазерное термическое упрочнение</kwd><kwd>колесо зубчатое</kwd><kwd>закалка</kwd><kwd>металлографическое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state task in the field of scientific activity of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (topic FZUN-2020-0015, state task of the VlGU).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания в сфере научной деятельности Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (тема FZUN-2020-0015, госзадание ВлГУ).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aborkin AV, Babin DM, Bokarev DV, Elkin AI. Effect of annealing on the structure and properties of aluminum matrix composites hardened with WC1x/CNT structures. Vitality and Structural Materials Science (ZhivKoM — 2020): Proceedings of the V International Scientific and Technical Conference in a remote format. Moscow, October 27–29. 2020:3–6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аборкин А.В., Бабин Д.М., Бокарев Д.В., Елкин А.И. Влияние отжига на структуру и свойства алюмоматричных композитов, упрочненных WC1x/УНТ структурами // Сборник трудов V Международной научно-технической конференции «Живучесть и конструкционное материаловедение (ЖивКоМ - 2020)». Москва, 27-29 октября 2020 г. С. 3-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aborkin A, Khorkov K, Prusov E, Ob’edkov A, Kremlev K, Perezhogin I, Alymov M. Effect of Increasing the Strength of Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Microadditions of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Coated with TiC Nanoparticle. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(11):1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111596</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aborkin A., Khorkov K., Prusov E., Ob’edkov A., Kremlev K., Perezhogin I., Alymov M. Effect of Increasing the Strength of Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Microadditions of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Coated with TiC Nanoparticle // Nanomaterials. 2019. Vol. 9. Is. 11. Article 1596. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111596</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Animesh B, Eisen WB. Hot Consolidation of Powders &amp; Particulates. Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, USA, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Animesh B., Eisen W.B. Hot Consolidation of Powders &amp; Particulates. Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, USA, 2003. 254 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">German RM. (Ed.) Powder Metallurgy Science. 2nd ed.; Metal Powder Industries Federation. Princeton, NJ, USA; 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">German R.M. (Ed.) Powder Metallurgy Science, 2nd ed.; Metal Powder Industries Federation: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1994. 472 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hidalgo AA, Frykholm R, Ebel T, Pyczak F. Powder Metallurgy Strategies to Improve Properties and Processing of Titanium Alloys: A Review. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2017;19(6):1600743. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hidalgo A.A., Frykholm R., Ebel T., Pyczak F. Powder Metallurgy Strategies to Improve Properties and Processing of Titanium Alloys: A Review // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2017. Vol. 19. Is. 6. Article 1600743. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolzoni L. Sintering of Titanium Alloys. Processing and Properties. Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys. 2022;3:353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819726-4.00081-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolzoni L. Sintering of Titanium Alloys. Processing and Properties // Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys. 2022. Vol. 3. P. 353-361. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819726-4.00081-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolzoni L, Ruiz-Navas E.M., Gordo E. Understanding the properties of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys. Materials and Design. 2016;110:317–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolzoni L., Ruiz-Navas E.M., Gordo E. Understanding the properties of low-cost iron-containing powder metallurgy titanium alloys // Materials and Design. 2016. Vol. 110. P. 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bocanegra-Bernal MH. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology and its applications to metals and ceramics. Journal of materials science. 2004;39(21): 6399–6420. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000044878.11441.90</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bocanegra-Bernal M.H. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology and its applications to metals and ceramics // Journal of materials science. 2004. Vol. 39. No. 21. P. 6399-6420. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000044878.11441.90</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schatt W, Wieters K-P. Powder metallurgy: processing and materials. European powder metallurgy association. EPMA Publ.; 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schatt W., Wieters K.-P. Powder metallurgy: processing and materials. European powder metallurgy association. EPMA Publ.; 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bzhitskikh AP. Increasing the wear resistance of the gear drive of the drilling winch based on the regular microrelief of the teeth surface. Proceedings of the conference “Geology and oil and gas potential of the West Siberian megabasin (experience, innovation)” Tyumen, December 10–11. Tyumen Industrial University Publ.; 2014. Р. 19–23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бжитских А.П. Повышение износостойкости зубчатой передачи привода буровой лебедки на основе регулярного микрорельефа поверхности зубьев // Сборник трудов конференции «Геология и нефтегазоносность западносибирского мегабассейна (опыт, инновации)» Тюмень, 10-11 декабря 2014 года. Изд-во: Тюменский индустриальный университет. 2014. С. 19-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frerichs F, Lu Y, Lübben T, Radel T. Process Signature for Laser Hardening. Metals. 2021;11:465. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030465</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frerichs F., Lu Y., Lübben T., Radel T. Process Signature for Laser Hardening // Metals. 2021. No. 11. Article 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030465</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang H, Shi Y, Xu CY, Kutsuna M. Surface Hardening of Gears by Laser Beam Processing. Surface Engineering. 2003;19(2):134–136. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708403225002595</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang H., Shi Y., Xu C.Y., Kutsuna M. Surface Hardening of Gears by Laser Beam Processing // Surface Engineering. 2003. Vol. 19. No. 2. P. 134-136. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708403225002595</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pechnikov IS, Zavitkov AV, Frolov KA. Application of laser technologies in heat treatment of gear ring gear. Proceedings of the conference “Science and technology in the road industry”. Moscow, March 18. 2021;4:70–72. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Печников И.С., Завитков А.В., Фролов К.А. Применение лазерных технологий при термообработке зубчатого венца шестерни / Сборник трудов конференции «Наука и техника в дорожной отрасли». Москва, 18 марта 2021 года. М., 2021. Т. 4. С. 70-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nemecek S, Muzik T, Misek M. Laser hardening of gear wheels. International Congress on Applications of Lasers &amp; Electro-Optics. AIP Publ.; 2012:411. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5062480</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nemecek S., Muzik T., Misek M. Laser hardening of gear wheels // International Congress on Applications of Lasers &amp; Electro-Optics // AIP Publishing. 2012. Article 411. https://doi.org/10.2351/1.5062480</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grezev NV, Begunov IA, Shamov EM. Laser hardening of gear teeth using a powerful fibre laser. Welding International. 2016;30(11):875–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2016.1154268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grezev N.V., Begunov I.A., Shamov E.M. Laser hardening of gear teeth using a powerful fibre laser // Welding International. 2016. Vol. 30. Is. 11875-879. https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2016.1154268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suslina SV. Sealing microporosity in parts manufactured by powder metallurgy. Modern problems of science and education. 2005;1:37–38. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суслина С.В. Герметизация микропористости в деталях, изготовленных методом порошковой металлургии // Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2005. №. 1. С. 37-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ye Y, Zhang Y, Huang T, Zou S, Dong Y, Ding H, Vasudevan VK, Ye C. A Critical Review of Laser Shock Peening of Aircraft Engine Components. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2023:2201451. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201451</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ye Y., Zhang Y., Huang T., Zou S., Dong Y., Ding H., Vasudevan V.K., Ye C. A Critical Review of Laser Shock Peening of Aircraft Engine Components // Advanced Engineering Materials. 2023. Article 2201451. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201451</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
