<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Engineering Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Инженерные исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8143</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8151</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">31241</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8143-2022-23-1-15-22</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Inert anode technology in the concept of green aluminum metallurgy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Технология инертного анода в концепции зеленой металлургии алюминия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-7398</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Юрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Eng.), Associate Professor of the Department MT-13 “Materials Processing Technologies,”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры МТ-13 «Технологии обработки материалов»</p></bio><email>akafest@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-7531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yalunin</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ялунин</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>master’s student, Department “Metallurgy,”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистрант, кафедра «Металлургия»</p></bio><email>molnir9@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University of Technology)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский политехнический университет (Московский Политех)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 23, NO1 (2022)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 23, №1 (2022)</issue-title><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-19"><day>19</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Morozov Y.A., Yalunin V.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Морозов Ю.А., Ялунин В.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Morozov Y.A., Yalunin V.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Морозов Ю.А., Ялунин В.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/31241">https://journals.rudn.ru/engineering-researches/article/view/31241</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">An analysis is made of the traditional and advanced electrolytic technology for producing metallic aluminum from the point of view of environmental friendliness of production. A brief description is given of the use of Soderberg anode cells and pre-baked anodes combined by a common carbon anode material oxidized into gaseous oxide and carbon dioxide during aluminum reduction. In order to reduce (eliminate) the carbon footprint, the concept of an inert anode is proposed, the material of which does not enter into the aluminum reduction reaction, and therefore is not consumed (almost), while the release of oxygen in the status of the final gaseous “waste” is allowed. The basis for the development is an electrolytic cell with a self-baking Soderberg anode of the S-8BM type, which characterizes the oldest technology and has a large geography of representation in Russia. As a result of comparing the operating conditions and technological possibilities for obtaining anodes of similar sizes from composite and ceramic materials (cermets) when replacing the carbon anode array, it was decided to use the classic copper-nickel alloy CuNi44Mn1, which has a minimum iron content (reducing the grade of aluminum) and characterized by thermal stability at electrolysis temperature. Based on the electrical characteristics of the basic process and taking into account the recommendations of “RUSAL Laboratory” specialists, the dimensions of the metal inert anode are determined and recommendations are given for the reconstruction of the above-mentioned electrolyzer when switching to a new aluminum production technology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Анализируется традиционная и перспективная электролитическая технология получения металлического алюминия с точки зрения экологичности производства. Дается краткая характеристика использования электролизеров с анодом Содерберга и предварительно обожженных анодов, объединяемых общим углеродным анодным материалом, окисляемым в газообразный оксид и диоксид углерода при восстановлении алюминия. С целью снижения (исключения) углеродного следа предлагается концепция инертного анода, материал которого не вступает в реакцию восстановления алюминия, а значит, не расходуется (почти), при этом допускается высвобождение кислорода в статусе конечного газообразного «отхода». Базой для разработки принимается электролизер с самообжигающимся анодом Содерберга типа С-8БМ, характеризующий наиболее старую технологию и широко представленный в России. В результате сопоставления условий эксплуатирования и технологических возможностей получения анодов подобных размеров из композитных и керамических материалов (керметов) при замещении углеродного анодного массива решено использовать классический медно-никелевый сплав МНМц43-0,5, имеющий минимальное содержание железа (снижающее сортность алюминия) и характеризуемый термической стабильностью при температуре электролиза. На основании электрических характеристик базового процесса и с учетом рекомендаций профильных специалистов «Лаборатории РУСАЛА» устанавливаются размеры металлического инертного анода и даются рекомендации по реконструкции вышеобозначенного электролизера при переходе на новую технологию получения алюминия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aluminum</kwd><kwd>electrolyzer</kwd><kwd>electrometallurgy</kwd><kwd>carbon footprint</kwd><kwd>Soderberg anode</kwd><kwd>inert anode</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алюминий</kwd><kwd>электролизер</kwd><kwd>электрометаллургия</kwd><kwd>углеродный след</kwd><kwd>анод Содерберга</kwd><kwd>инертный анод</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mincis MYa, Polyakov PV, Sirazutdinov GA. Aluminum electrometallurgy. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ.; 2001. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минцис М.Я., Поляков П.В., Сиразутдинов Г.А. Электрометаллургия алюминия. Новосибирск: Наука, 2001. 176 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mincis MYa, Sirazutdinov GA, Galevskij GV. Electrolysers with Soderberg anode and possibilities of their modernization. Tsvetnye Metally. 2010;(12):49–52. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минцис М.Я., Сиразутдинов Г.А., Галевский Г.В. Электролизеры с анодом Содерберга и возможности их модернизации // Цветные металлы. 2010. № 12. С. 49-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Begunov AI, Begunov AA. Modernization of electrolysis production with Soderberg anodes. Tsvetnye Metally. 2011;(7):45–49. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бегунов А.И., Бегунов А.А. Модернизация электролизных производств с использованием анодов Содерберга // Цветные металлы. 2011. № 7. С. 45-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradov AM, Pinaev AA, Vinogradov DA, Puzin AV, Shadrin VG, Zorko NV, Somov VV. Improving the efficiency of sheltering soderberg electrolyzers. Izvestiya. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy. 2017;(1):19–30. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2017-1-19-30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноградов А.М., Пинаев А.А., Виноградов Д.А., Пузин А.В., Шадрин В.Г., Зорько Н.В., Сомов В.В. Повышение эффективности укрытия электролизеров Содерберга // Известия вузов. Цветная металлургия. 2017. № 1. С. 19-30. https://doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2017-1-19-30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzunov V, Mann V, Chichuk E, Pitercev N, Cherskikh I, Frizorger V. Vertical stud Soderberg technology development by UC Rusal in 2004–2010 (Part 1). Light Metals. 2012:743–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzunov V., Mann V., Chichuk E., Pitercev N., Cherskikh I., Frizorger V. Vertical stud Soderberg technology development by UC Rusal in 2004-2010 (Part 1) // Light Metals. 2012. Pp 743-748. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frizorger V, Mann V, Chuchuk E, Buzunov V, Marakushina E, Pitercev N, Cherskikh I, Gildebrandt E. Vertical stud Soderberg technology development by UC Rusal in 2004–2010 (Part 2. EcoSoderberg Technology). Light Metals. 2012:749–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frizorger V., Mann V., Chuchuk E., Buzunov V., Marakushina E., Pitercev N., Cherskikh I., Gildebrandt E. Vertical stud Soderberg technology development by UC Rusal in 2004-2010 (Part 2. EcoSoderberg Technology) // Light Metals. 2012. Pp. 749-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48179-1_129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xianxi W. Aluminum electrolytic inert anode. Inert Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis. 2021:23–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28913-3_3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xianxi W. Aluminum electrolytic inert anode // Inert Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis. 2021. Pp. 23-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28913-3_3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padamata SK, Yasinskiy AS, Polyakov PV. Progress of inert anodes in aluminium industry: review. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Chemistry. 2018;11(1):18–30. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-0055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Падамата С.К., Ясинский А.С., Поляков П.В. Инертные аноды в алюминиевой промышленности: обзор // Журнал Сибирского федерального университета. Химия. 2018. № 11 (1). С. 18-30. https://doi.org/10.17516/1998-2836-0055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du J, Wang B, Liu Y, Yao GC, Fang Zh, Hu P. Study on the bubble behaviour and anodic overvoltage of NiFe2O4 ceramic based inert anode. Light Metals. 2015: 1193–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du J., Wang B., Liu Y., Yao G.C., Fang Zh., Hu P. Study on the bubble behaviour and anodic overvoltage of NiFe2O4 ceramic based inert anode // Light Metals. 2015. Pp. 1193-1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weiping P, Ying L, Jie G, Ruilong Z, Jianhong Y, Wangxing L. Effect of La on the electrolysis performance of 46Cu-25Ni-19Fe-10Al metal anode. Light Metals. 2014: 1301–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weiping P., Ying L., Jie G., Ruilong Z., Jianhong Y., Wangxing L. Effect of La on the electrolysis performance of 46Cu-25Ni-19Fe-10Al metal anode // Light Metals. 2014. Pp. 1301-1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z, Xue J, Feng L, Dai F. Investigating the corrosion behaviors of Fe-Ni-Cr anode material for aluminum electrolysis. Light Metals. 2014:1315–1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Xue J., Feng L., Dai F. Investigating the corrosion behaviors of Fe-Ni-Cr anode material for aluminum electrolysis // Light Metals. 2014. Pp. 1315-1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He H. The metal phase selection of 10NiO-NiFe2O4-based cermet anodes for aluminum electrolysis. Light Metals. 2014:1321–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He H. The metal phase selection of 10NiO-NiFe2O4-based cermet anodes for aluminium electrolysis // Light Metals. 2014. Pp. 1321-1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48144-9_221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J-Y, Li Zh-Y, Tao Y-Q, Zhang D, Zhou K-Ch. Phase evolution of 17(Cu-10Ni)-(NiFe2O4-10NiO) cerment inert anode during aluminium electrolysis. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2011;21(3):566–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60752-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J.-Y., Li Zh.-Y., Tao Y.-Q., Zhang D., Zhou K.-Ch. Phase evolution of 17(Cu-10Ni)-(NiFe2O4-10NiO) cerment inert anode during aluminum electrolysis // Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2011. Vol. 21. No 3. Pp. 566-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60752-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu J, Xia Z. The corrosion performance of a binary Cu-Ni alloy used as an anode for aluminum electrolysis. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2011;55–57:7–10. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.55-57.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu J., Xia Z. The corrosion performance of a binary Cu-Ni alloy used as an anode for aluminum electrolysis // Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2011. Vol. 55-57. Pp. 7-10. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.55-57.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glucina M, Hyland M. Laboratory scale testing of aluminium bronze as an inert anode for aluminium electrolysis. Light Metals. 2005:523–528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glucina M., Hyland M. Laboratory scale testing of aluminium bronze as an inert anode for aluminium electrolysis // Light Metals. 2005. Pp. 523-528.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saranchuk VI, Oshovskij VV, Lavrenko AT, Koshkarev YaM. Method for determining the magnitude of the electrical resistance of coal depending on temperature. Scientific Works of the Donetsk National Technical University. Series: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Donetsk: Donetsk National Technical University; 2008. p. 138–143. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саранчук В.И., Ошовский В.В., Лавренко А.Т., Кошкарев Я.М. Метод определения величины электрического сопротивления угля в зависимости от температуры // Научные труды Донецкого национального технического университета. Серия: Химия и химическая технология. Донецк: ДонНТУ, 2008. С. 138-143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uleva GA. Study of the physicochemical properties of special types of coke and its application for the smelting of high-silicon alloys (Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences). Ekaterinburg; 2013. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ульева Г.А. Исследование физико-химических свойств специальных видов кокса и его применение для выплавки высококремнистых сплавов: автореф. дис. … канд. техн. наук. Екатеринбург, 2013. 23 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
