Editor-in-Chief: Vladimir M. Davydov, Corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Professor, Director of the Institute for Latin America of the RAS ISSN: 2313-2329 (Print) ISSN: 2408-8986 (Online) Founded in 1993. Publication frequency: quarterly PUBLISHER: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Open Access: . APC: no article processing charge Peer-Review: double blind. Publication language: Russian, English Indexation: White List RCSI, Russian Index of Science Citation, Google Scholar, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, Dimensions, DOAJ
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)
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Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical 'RUDN Journal of Economics' The Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), represented by the Vice-Rector for Scientific Work Andrey Aleksandrovich Kostin, acting under a Power of Attorney No 0036-09/25-122 dated 21.05.2025 , hereinafter referred to as the Publisher, on the one hand, hereby offers to the public at large, hereinafter referred to as the Author, on the other hand, hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties, to enter into this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the Agreement, regarding publication of scholarly materials, hereinafter referred to as the Article, in the Journal named 'RUDN Journal of Economics', hereinafter referred to as the Journal, under the following terms. 1. General Terms and Conditions 1.1. 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The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article. 11. Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Address: Mikluho-Maklaya st., 6, Moscow, 117198 TIN 7728073720, CRR 772801001, PSRN 1027739189323. Vice Rector for Scientific Work A.A. Kostin
Indian vector: peculiarities of commodity export changes in the context of the formation of a new global economic order
The events of 2022 revealed a number of problems of global importance and became the starting point for the formation of new trends in the global economy and international economic relations. Anti-Russian sanctions and the rebalancing of Russia’s main trading partners, the ongoing BRICS summits and their results, damage to pipeline branches, have actually reinforced the trends towards the “rise” of the countries of the Global South, and led to changes in the participation of Asian and African countries in the system of international economic relations and in the world markets of goods and services. The study is devoted to identifying the shifts that have occurred, in particular, in the foreign trade of the Indian Republic, namely, in the structure, geography and dynamics of Indian commodity exports. This study is more than relevant, not only because India is a strategic and privileged partner for Russia, but also because after 2022. Such significant shifts have taken place in Indian foreign trade, which can contribute not only to changing the role of the country’s place in the system of international economic relations and in the world markets of goods and services but also become a kind of driver of economic growth and an instrument of India’s economic policy aimed at turning the country into an international industrial hub. In the process of conducting the research, the author refers to such methods of economic analysis as: induction, deduction, retrospective, comparative analysis, which allow for a fairly accurate and in-depth study of the selected problem. The results of the work carried out revealed: a rebalancing (rotation) of India’s main trading partners, a significant change not only in the total value of India’s foreign trade, but also a significant change in export values by trading partner; transformation of commodity groups exported by India in favor of the predominance of fuel and energy resources; change in the weight and nomenclature of Indian-Russian trade; threats and challenges facing India from Western economies and their foreign economic policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Konovalova Y.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms and determinants of leadership in Hispano-American countries: a comparative analysis of development trajectories
This study presents a comparative analysis of the factors and mechanisms driving the development of leading Spanish-speaking Latin American countries over the period 1990–2023, with attention to the influence of global economic and political dynamics. The study focuses on five key countries — Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Colombia — which demonstrate relatively stable economic performance, political influence, demographic weight, and active engagement in international affairs. Methodologically of the study is based on an adapted version of Ray Dalio’s model, enhanced by an original structural framework for assessing seven institutional factors: the level of education, foreign trade volume, innovation and technological capacity, military potential, competitiveness, financial infrastructure, and industrial output. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining retrospective quantitative indicators with qualitative variables, such as institutional reforms, politico-economic transformation, and involvement in international alliances. The selection of countries is justified by their structural comparability, similar starting conditions in the 1990s, and the availability of consistent and verifiable statistical data. Venezuela is deliberately excluded from the sample due to its atypical developmental trajectory and lack of reliable macroeconomic data since the mid-2010s, which undermines the reproducibility and validity of comparative analysis. The analysis identifies education (particularly in Argentina and Chile), international trade (especially in Mexico and Chile), and industrial development (with Mexico as the regional leader) as key determinants of long-term leadership. In contrast, the absence of global financial centers and reserve currencies remains a developmental weakness, while military capacity continues to play a significant role only in conflict-prone countries such as Colombia. The findings contribute to the academic understanding of regional leadership in Latin America and provide a foundation for policy strategies aimed at fostering sustainable growth and enhancing the international standing of Hispano-American states.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karpina E.V., Voropai A.A., Tatyankin G.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformation of BRICS logistics networks under the influence of Chinese port expansion
In the context of global transformation of trade and economic relations and the restructuring of international logistics chains, the study of China’s role as a key driver of integration processes within BRICS becomes particularly relevant. This research is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Chinese economic expansion on the development of transport and logistics infrastructure in the member countries, which presents significant scientific and practical interest in the context of forming a new architecture of international economic relations. The study conducts a detailed analysis of China’s investment activities in the infrastructure projects of BRICS countries, with a particular focus on the “Belt and Road” initiative as a systemic element of the modern logistics system in Eurasia. The methodological framework of the study includes: a comparative analysis of the economic strategies of the participating countries, an assessment of the effectiveness of logistics systems through the lens of the LPI index, statistical analysis of commodity flows, and expert evaluations of the implementation of major infrastructure projects. The results of the study indicate the ambiguous nature of Chinese influence. On one hand, a significant positive effect from Chinese investments has been identified, manifested in the modernization of transport infrastructure, an increase in trade turnover, and enhanced interconnectedness of economies. On the other hand, substantial risks have been discovered, associated with the formation of asymmetric dependence, exacerbation of debt problems, and geopolitical competition. Special attention in this study is given to differentiated strategies for BRICS countries to adapt to Chinese economic expansion. It is shown that while Russia and South Africa demonstrate a high degree of involvement in Chinese infrastructure projects, Brazil and India pursue a more balanced policy, combining cooperation with measures to protect national economic interests. In conclusion, the necessity for developing a coordinated strategy among BRICS countries aimed at diversifying transport routes, developing alternative logistics corridors, and strengthening institutional interaction is justified. Promising areas for further research include issues related to the digitalization of logistics systems and the creation of mechanisms for balanced economic partnership within the union.
Copyright (c) 2026 Semenova N.K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
East Africa’s economic growth and macroeconomic indicator variables: An ARDL approach
Economic growth is a crucial indicator of a nation’s production capacity, allowing for evaluation of both its extent and performance. A hopeful growth occurs when macro-­indicators’ annual average rates surpass the average population growth rhythms. However, unpredictable economic growth can negatively impact an economy’s performance due to fluctuations resulting from various factors. Nevertheless, factors driving growth have varying impacts across nations and regions. The study investigates the impact of macroeconomic indicators on East Africa’s growth from 1980 to 2023, aiming to identify correlations and formulate policy recommendations. This study period has been chosen because East African countries like Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Uganda began implementing structural adjustment programs, interventionist economic policies, and reforms after the 1980s. The study employed the ARDL approach to estimate the short- and long-­run coefficients. The approach helps to solve the problems of endogeneity and serial correlation in analysis and successfully captures both short- and long-­term relationships. The short-­run model reveals that government spending and exports significantly boost regional growth, while unemployment, FDI inflows, inflation, and imports have a significant negative impact. Moreover, the long-­term model shows that despite the negative impact of foreign debt, inflation, FDI inflows, and unemployment have significantly and positively impacted the regional economy. The study’s findings hold significant policy implications for East Africa’s economy, potentially paving the way for further research on growth dynamics and policy development
Copyright (c) 2026 Teka H.S., Korchagina E.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The model of the structural dynamics of cross-­industry and cross-­country economic cooperation between the BRICS countries in the field of technological sovereignty
The study evaluates the structure and dynamics of economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and BRICS, with a focus on technological transfer. The methods of assessing the intersectoral interactions and technological asymmetry of the BRICS countries, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are considered and investigated. The evolution of this tool for the tasks of international economic relations is described. A comparative analysis of the innovation systems of the BRICS countries, their structural features and the asymmetry of development is carried out. The study presents a comprehensive model for analyzing the structural dynamics of cross-­industry and cross-­country economic cooperation between the BRICS countries in the context of technological sovereignty. The developed methodology integrates three key approaches: Leontiev’s intersectoral balance, Yershov’s dynamic models, and Hausmann-­Hidalgo network analysis, which allows us to consider technological gaps, institutional constraints, and the asymmetry of interactions between countries. The focus is on the study of technological transfer coefficients, which demonstrate significant asymmetry, especially in relations between Russia and China. The model includes modified matrices of intersectoral relationships, considering sanctions restrictions and currency factors, as well as dynamic components reflecting capital accumulation and adaptation of price mechanisms. Network analysis based on the country-­technology matrix makes it possible to assess the trajectories of technological development and the potential for economic diversification. The study revealed critical technological dependencies between the BRICS countries; the impact of sanctions pressure on structural changes has been assessed; the scenarios of import substitution and strengthening of technological sovereignty have been evaluated. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the model to form strategies for international cooperation, optimize value chains and predict growth points in the context of global turbulence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chursin A.A., Shiboldenkov V.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Demographic development of the North Caucasian Federal District of Russia and approaches to its regulation
Demographic trends, along with economic, political, social and cultural ones, play a key role in the dynamics of regional development. This is especially relevant for the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia (NCFD), considered as a region of primary geostrategic importance for the Russian Federation, which requires the development of specialized programs for demographic and migration regulation. This study attempts to analyze the key aspects that determine the dynamics of demographic changes in the regions of the NCFD of Russia. The main demographic characteristics of the NCFD are considered in comparison with Russia as a whole. These features are manifested in the predominance of a younger population, the observed increase in the number of residents and relatively high rates of total fertility. The dynamics of changes in the total population of the NCFD is determined, and the components of this change are analyzed — natural and migration growth. It is revealed that the district is experiencing population decline due to migration, including population exchange with other subjects of the Russian Federation, foreign countries and the CIS states (Commonwealth of Independent States). The main factor stimulating the outflow of population are socio-­economic conditions. The North Caucasus, with its high population density and ethnic diversity, is of primary importance in terms of regulating migration flows and optimizing migration policy. This is due to the need to take into account the specifics of the socio-­economic and demographic development of this region. The specifics of the problems this region faces are fundamentally different from the situation in most Russian regions. The study attaches particular importance to the Strategy for the Socio-­Economic Development of the NCFD until 2030. Improving the demographic picture in such strategically important regions as the NCFD will not only contribute to the socio-­economic development of these territories, but will also contribute to the national well-­being of Russia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Garibova F.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial model of the green transition of the Southern federal district of the Russian Federation based on eco-­investments
The study addresses the problem of adapting the financial instruments for implementing the environmental agenda to the regional context of the Russian economy. The study is devoted to identifying the financial features and prospects for accelerating the green transition of the Southern Federal District (SFD) of the Russian Federation through the optimization of eco-­investments. The study is based on statistical materials of Rosstat on the dynamics of financial injections into the green transition and its manifestations in the regions of the SFD in 2021–2022, which are processed using the regression modeling method. Financial monitoring of the green transition of the SFD was carried out, which revealed the following features of this process: the inconsistency of the eco-­investment trend, increasing in nominal terms, but decreasing in real terms; an institutional trap, expressed in the lack of a contribution of eco-­investments to the green transformation of the environment in the SFD; patterns of increasing public and industrial involvement in the green transition in the SFD in relation to the increase in eco-­investments. The prospect of accelerating the green transition of the SFD through the optimization of eco-­investments is established — for this purpose, the optimal volume of eco-­investments is recommended for the implementation of a complete green transition in the SFD in the period from 2036 to 2050. In the system, the listed results formed a financial model of the green transition of the SFD based on eco-­investments, which highlighted the meso-­level financial horizon of the green transition in the SFD and opened the “black box” of the application of financial instruments to the implementation of the green transition in the SFD due to the explanation of the transformation processes of eco-­investments, specification and clarification of the return on them in the SFD. The identified meso-­level features and patterns will increase the accuracy of financial planning and the efficiency of financial management of environmental activities in the SFD. A scientifically based benchmark for optimizing eco-­investments in the SFD will make it possible to create a road map for the green transition of the SFD in support of achieving environmental goals in advancing Russia along a low-­carbon path of economic development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zinovyeva I.S., Karanina E.V., Akopov S.E., Seliankina A.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Improving the assessment of the effectiveness of digital interaction between government and business: policy and practice
Under current conditions of economic digitalization, the problem of assessing the effectiveness of interaction mechanisms between the state and the business sector has become particularly relevant. Studying the efficacy of state support measures for small and medium-­sized enterprises (SMEs) requires a comprehensive approach to analyzing digital interaction tools. The key objective of the study lies in determining the effectiveness of digital communication channels between government structures and the business community. Particular attention is paid to identifying factors influencing the efficiency of implementing state support programs in the digital environment. The methodological framework of the study includes comparative and statistical analysis of data from official sources, as well as expert assessments and results of entrepreneur surveys. The informational basis comprises materials from the Federal Tax Service (FTS), the Unified SME Register, the SME Corporation, and the Ministry of Economic Development for the 2019–2024 period. The conducted analysis revealed a positive trend in the use of electronic government services among SMEs. However, significant disparities in the level of digitalization across regions and economic sectors were identified. Programs for financial and educational support of entrepreneurs demonstrate the highest effectiveness. The study uncovered a number of substantial challenges in the sphere of digital interaction. These include insufficient development of regional infrastructure, low levels of digital literacy among small business representatives, and imperfect integration of electronic government services. The purpose of the study is to develop and substantiate methodological approaches for assessing the effectiveness of state-­business interaction, with a focus on the regional case of Moscow Oblast. The application of various methods (empirical and statistical analysis, review of official sources and authoritative analytical agencies) to address the research questions has enabled the justification for further development of state business support mechanisms, particularly for SMEs, to eliminate identified disparities and enhance the accessibility of digital services for small and medium-­sized businesses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kirillova O.Y., Alisultanov V.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prospects for Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation within the framework of the creation of a scientific consortium
The study presents the results of a study of possible areas of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation, covering key sectors — from IT and telecommunications to industry and space technologies. The importance of strategic partnership between Russia and China in science and technology is emphasized, and the most promising areas for creating joint Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological consortiums are highlighted. Among them are artificial intelligence (AI), medicine, biotechnology, new materials and quantum computing. It is noted that China occupies a leading position in the world in terms of investment in AI, the number of patents and the implementation of machine learning algorithms in industry and everyday life. The key complementary competencies of the parties have been identified, where Russia’s fundamental research and unique technological groundwork are effectively combined with China’s strength in applied development, scaling, and commercialization. This synergy creates a foundation for breakthrough cooperation in priority areas for global scientific and technological leadership, such as AI, biomedicine, quantum computing, and new materials engineering. Russian and Chinese scientists could work together to create carbon nanomaterials for use in electronics, the aviation and space industries, and in medicine. The study concludes on the impact of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation on the Russian economy, including reduced dependence on Western technology, access to Chinese investment, production capacity, and markets for high-­tech products. This is especially important in the context of sanctions pressure. In addition, it is noted that the economic effect of cooperation will be manifested in the growth of trade in high-­tech goods and an increase in the number of joint ventures. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the creation of Russian-­Chinese scientific consortiums in the specified areas is capable of not only strengthening the technological independence of the two countries, but also bringing them to the forefront of the global scientific and technical agenda.
Copyright (c) 2026 Belov F.D. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Improving the model for assessing the competitiveness of IT companies in a dynamically changing economy
The study is devoted to the analysis of key performance indicators of leading IT companies in order to assess their level of competitiveness. In modern conditions, the development of IT technologies underlies the production of high-­tech products and contributes to strengthening the technological sovereignty of the country. The developers of such technologies are primarily leading IT companies. Constant monitoring of functioning companies helps to identify the most effective among them. The tool proposed in the article for assessing the level of competitiveness of an organization is a modified SWOT analysis, which, in our opinion, compensates for the disadvantages of classical SWOT analysis, and is also more informative for data analysis. A significant disadvantage of classical SOWT analysis is that it is built only at the time of the last, current research period. At the same time, the dynamics of changes over the previous period is not analyzed. The dynamic SWOT analysis takes into account the current state of companies and plays a key role in the retrospective state. The proposed modified SWOT analysis makes it possible to track the competitiveness of companies in terms of limited but key performance indicators of the company in dynamics. At the same time, it is possible to select the desired evaluation metric and the analysis period. In the absence of the necessary statistical data on the company’s activities, this choice partially solves the problem. The proposed study provides an analysis of the dynamics of the state of companies in the IT sector, although our proposed approach to assessing the competitiveness of a company can be applied to other sectors of the economy. Considering a larger number of performance indicators of companies, as well as external factors, will improve the proposed methodology. The proposed method for analyzing the level of competitiveness of companies is made clear in a study based on SWOT diagrams constructed using the mathplotlib library in Python.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kulagina A.G., Mitrofanov E.P., Semenov Y.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital transformation of the HR management system of a manufacturing company
In the field of personnel management of enterprises, a modern approach is to organize the digital workspace of employees. However, often the implementation of information systems and digital technologies is carried out in fragments. In this case, local personnel management tasks are being solved, so the effectiveness of their use to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise remains at a low level. The purpose of the research is to develop a set of digital transformation directions covering the entire personnel management system using the example of a manufacturing company. In forming a comprehensive HR management model, the authors used a systematic approach; the Canvas business model was developed, which allows them to display a vision of the company’s current position for making strategically important decisions. Business process modeling was carried out in BPMN notation, and methods for evaluating the commercial effectiveness of projects were used in the analysis of implementation results. The study proposes a set of digital transformation directions covering the entire personnel management system using the example of a manufacturing company. The low efficiency of the fragmented implementation of information systems to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise is substantiated. These tools allow you to solve only individual local personnel management tasks. The authors have developed a model of the personnel management system of a manufacturing company, proposed possible directions for digitalization of the system, identified the main software elements that will be phased in during the organization of the employee’s digital workplace. Further, these changes are considered in the context of the HR Directorate departments. The practical significance of the study lies in identifying the positive effects that will accompany this implementation. The development and addition of new services and systems to the information architecture will form a unified digital ecosystem of the company.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rostova O.V., Shirokova S.V., Ragas A.A., Shmeleva A.S., Shpagin V.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geo-­economics of professional sports: migration aspect
At the present stage of development of the professional sports industry, such a phenomenon as sports migration is becoming more relevant and significant. The purpose of the research is to study the state and trends of migration processes in the global sports market. The current migration trends in the professional sports industry are considered on the example of world football, which is in the greatest demand among the consumer audience of a sports product, which allowed us to get the most complete picture of the development of migration processes in the industry market. The conducted research is based on the analysis of statistical data on sports migration of the International Center for Sports Research (CIES), information from the German Transfermarkt website on transfer operations of professional athletes and the report of the International Football Federation on the development of the global transfer market. A comprehensive analysis of the migration flows of professional athletes was carried out in the context of six confederations of the International Football Federation, data on the main leagues of associations were taken for more objective analysis. Based on the author’s infographics, the features of the processes of world sports migration by countries in the context of continents (confederations) are illustrated, the key directions of external and internal emigration are noted, its structure and average value per association are determined, the level of presence of legionnaires in associations around the world is revealed. The directions of migration flows of professional athletes are studied through territorial analysis, and the impact of the global transfer market on the effectiveness of economic regulation of these processes is assessed. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the effectiveness of trends in the development of sports migration depends on a balanced approach to human resource management on the part of such key industry functionaries as confederations, associations, leagues and clubs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matviyenka A.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Electronic bill of lading: ideals and realities
Digitalization is regarded as one of the most prominent trends of development of global economy as well as international economic relations. Yet, the authors stress that when broken to transport and logistics digital processes tend to be uneven, fragmented, and generally too declarative. The research finds out that conservative way of thinking of the majority of market participants also hampers such transformation, which is mostly evident in global trade in hydrocarbons. In its turn, juridical unsettledness both globally and nationally of electronic turnover of transport documents at large and electronic Bill of Lading (B/L) in particular both globally and nationally also undermines the upcoming perspectives. Thus, it has been revealed that it is too early to speak about a well-­structured system of electronic document turnover (incl. B/L segment) in logistics of international trade. As of today, it has been justified that almost 95 % of international seaborne trade is covered by B/Ls. At the same time there is no commonly accepted definition of B/L or electronic B/L. So far nothing has been juridically settled with negotiability function of e-B/L. However, there is a couple of electronic platforms that facilitate the turnover of e-B/Ls. Generally they are of limited membership and geographical coverage (for instance, EU). Besides, banks’ joining the process is quite disputable despite the fact there is already the electronic version (eUCP) of ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600). In this essence, Bolero, yet with some clauses, turns out to be the most leading platforms servicing e-B/Ls. To sum it up, the study outlines that given the lack of solid system of electronic turnover of transport documents both in organizational and juridical terms a good example of existing practices could be derived from the telex-­release technology used in liner shipping of containers and containing some traits of e-B/L ascendancies. The authors conclude that it is worth positioning the current state of affairs as paperless B/L turnover or quasi-­electronic rather than fully electronic one.
Copyright (c) 2026 Golubchik A.M., Pak E.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contemporary trends of globalization and deglobalization
Globalization is a phenomenon that in the modern world has an increasingly contradictory connotation. If in the middle of the last century most countries in the world were striving for greater openness of their economies, over the last decade there are trends of deglobalization, in order to preserve sovereignty or to protect national economic and political interests. The process of economic globalization is being strengthened through the role of international economic organizations, the conclusion of regional trade agreements, participation in economic blocs and the entry of influential big brands into new markets. The study aims to summarize the prerequisites for strengthening economic globalization, why deglobalization processes occur and what are the consequences for the world economy. The study will focus on economic globalization and will cover some more distinctive contemporary examples of economic deglobalization and their effects. Тhe analysis shows that protectionism in major economies could lead to partial market deglobalization mostly in the protected sectors and it is a prerequisite for economic shocks that lead to a deterioration in the basic indicators of the countries. Economic disintegration may lead to trade shifts and temporarily affect the country’s economy, but it does not deglobalize the national market. The challenges of the study is the simultaneous analysis of globalization and deglobalization, which adds significant complexity to the research. Moreover, the study explores many current economic issues, some of which are still evolving, such as the complex trade relations between the United States and China since the beginning of 2025.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tileva I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0