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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52555</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2026-34-2-406-430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DJIIPR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modelling the significance of integration effects for the BRICS integration and its member-states</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование значимости интеграционных эффектов для объединения БРИКС и его членов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5593-7728</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4397-7170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gospodarik</surname><given-names>Catherine G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Господарик</surname><given-names>Екатерина Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Science (In Economics), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Analytical Economics and Econometrics, Belarussian State University; Associate Professor, Department of Business Analytics, Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой аналитической экономики и эконометрики, Белорусский государственный университет; доцент кафедры бизнес-анализа, Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</p></bio><email>eggospodarik@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3993-5607</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7005786788</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5030-6609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>Mikhail M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Михаил Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Professor of of the Department of Analytical Economics and Econometrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры аналитической экономики и эконометрики</p></bio><email>mmkovalev47@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belarusian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Белорусский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">REVISITING INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN A MULTIPOLAR WORLD ON THE PATH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ПЕРЕСМОТР МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В МНОГОПОЛЯРНОМ МИРЕ НА ПУТИ К УСТОЙЧИВОМУ РАЗВИТИЮ</issue-title><fpage>406</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Gospodarik C.G., Kovalev M.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Господарик Е.Г., Ковалев М.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gospodarik C.G., Kovalev M.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Господарик Е.Г., Ковалев М.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/52555">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/52555</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The challenges associated with integration within BRICS have attracted considerable attention from scholars worldwide, including economists. Despite the growing body of research, many existing assessments remain largely conceptual and rely primarily on descriptive interpretations supported by current international statistics, while rigorous quantitative and mathematical approaches are employed far less frequently. The development and application of mathematical models for assessing the effectiveness of integration processes are therefore of particular importance, as they provide an evidence-based foundation for designing integration policies and identifying common strategic priorities capable of maximizing benefits for all member states.The purpose of this study is to develop a novel methodological framework and adapt established quantitative techniques for measuring the economic effects of integration, using BRICS as a case study. To achieve this objective, the research refines and applies a set of complementary analytical tools, including coordinate-based models for evaluating the bloc’s position and significance in the global economy, convergence analysis for assessing the degree of economic alignment among member states, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods for examining how efficiently countries utilize their integration potential. The empirical findings reveal a number of structural challenges that continue to constrain deeper economic integration within BRICS and identify priority areas for their resolution. Model-based estimates indicate that the bloc’s strategic importance in the global economy has been increasing steadily. This trend reflects not only China’s expanding economic influence but also the growing contribution of BRICS as a whole, driven by the strengthening competitive position of its member states in international markets and the relative deceleration of economic growth in advanced economies. The proposed methodology, which combines an original approach to measuring the evolving global significance of integration blocs with DEA models adapted to evaluate the efficiency of integration potential and convergence techniques for assessing economic rapprochement among member states, provides a comprehensive framework for analysing regional integration. The results demonstrate that, despite the increasing global economic weight of BRICS, no clear evidence of sustained economic convergence among its member countries can yet be identified.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблемы, связанные с интеграцией стран в БРИКС, широко изучаются в т.ч. экономистами мира. Тем не менее, многие умозаключения носят интуитивный характер и подкрепляются в лучшем случае текущей международной статистикой - редко применяется доказательный математический инструментарий. Математические модели и методы анализа эффективности интеграционных процессов весьма актуальны и эффективны для выработки страной интеграционной политики и совместных приоритетов интеграции, которые дадут наибольший эффект всем странам. Цель исследования - разработать новый и адаптировать известный математический инструментарий для измерения эффектов интеграции на примере БРИКС. В частности, уточнены и использованы координатные модели и методы значимости в мировой экономике объединения, методы конвергенции (сближения) стран и DEA-методы анализа оптимальности использования интеграционного потенциала странами-членами объединения. Как следствие, в качестве научных результатов выявлены проблемы интеграции в БРИКС, намечены приоритетные пути их решения. Модельный анализ роста стратегической значимости однозначен - БРИКС, а не только Китай, стремительно увеличивает свою долю в мировой экономике за счет экспансии своих товаров в развитые страны и снижения их роста. Авторский метод измерения динамики значимости объединения в мире, методы оболочечного анализа (DEA-модели), приспособленные для выявления оптимальности использования интеграционного потенциала, и методы анализа экономического сближения стран-членов объединения на основе моделей конвергенции выявили существующие проблемы и установили, что сближения стран БРИКС (конвергенция) пока не наблюдается.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>integration processes</kwd><kwd>significance in the world economy</kwd><kwd>convergence</kwd><kwd>welfare</kwd><kwd>labour productivity</kwd><kwd>DEA-efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интеграционные процессы</kwd><kwd>эффекты интеграции</kwd><kwd>значимость в мировой экономике</kwd><kwd>конвергенция</kwd><kwd>благосостояние</kwd><kwd>производительность труда</kwd><kwd>DEA-эффективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akaev, A.A., &amp; Musieva, D.M. 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