<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50622</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2026-34-1-81-95</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UCVJSU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Developed and developing countries economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика развитых и развивающихся стран</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Development of a new currency settlement mechanism among BRICS countries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разработка нового механизма валютных расчетов между странами БРИКС</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1131-7447</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7971-0480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyukov</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васюков</surname><given-names>Евгений Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher in International economics Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, кафедра мировой экономики</p></bio><email>eavasyukov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Diplomatic academy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дипломатическая академия МИД России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NEW VECTORS OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT WITHIN BRICS+</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">НОВЫЕ ВЕКТОРЫ ТОРГОВЛИ И ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ В РАМКАХ БРИКС+</issue-title><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Vasyukov E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Васюков Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vasyukov E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Васюков Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/50622">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/50622</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study investigates the feasibility of introducing a supranational settlement instrument - the BRICS Currency Unit (BCU) - designed to reduce exchange-rate volatility, enhance financial sovereignty, and strengthen trade and investment flows among BRICS and BRICS+ members. The research models the real effective exchange rates (REERs) of BRICS countries using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Macroeconomic drivers-including GDP growth, inflation, current-account balances, foreign direct investment inflows, reserves, and the share of intra-BRICS trade-were incorporated into the modeling. Five alternative weighting schemes for the BCU were tested to identify the most stable and diversified composition. The analysis confirmed that REER dynamics across BRICS are shaped by both shared and country-specific macroeconomic factors, complicating the creation of a unified framework. Among tested approaches, GDP-growth-based weighting minimized correlation with domestic shocks and produced the most stable basket. This variant of the BCU demonstrated the strongest diversification properties, effectively mitigating currency risks and enhancing predictability for long-term trade and investment contracts. The findings support the potential of the BCU as a hedging tool and settlement mechanism that can reduce transaction costs, stabilize pricing in energy, agriculture, and manufacturing, and increase competitiveness of BRICS economies. Extending its application to BRICS+ partners would further diversify settlement options, reduce dependency on the US dollar, and reinforce the role of BRICS in the global economy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрена возможность введения наднационального расчетного инструмента - валютной единицы БРИКС (BCU), призванной снизить волатильность обменных курсов, укрепить финансовый суверенитет и стимулировать рост торгово-инвестиционных потоков между странами БРИКС и БРИКС+. Проведено моделирование реальных эффективных валютных курсов (REER) стран БРИКС с использованием данных Банка международных расчетов за период 1999-2025 гг. В анализ включены макроэкономические факторы: рост ВВП, инфляция, сальдо текущего счета, приток прямых иностранных инвестиций, объем международных резервов, а также доля внутригрупповой торговли БРИКС. Были протестированы пять альтернативных схем взвешивания BCU с целью выявления наиболее устойчивой и диверсифицированной конфигурации. Анализ подтвердил, что динамика REER стран БРИКС определяется как общими, так и специфическими для отдельных стран факторами, что усложняет создание единой системы. Среди протестированных подходов наилучшие результаты показала модель взвешивания по темпам роста ВВП, которая минимизировала корреляцию с внутренними шоками и обеспечила наибольшую устойчивость корзины. Данный вариант BCU продемонстрировал высокие диверсификационные свойства, эффективно снижая валютные риски и повышая предсказуемость долгосрочных торговых и инвестиционных контрактов. Полученные результаты подтверждают потенциал BCU в качестве инструмента хеджирования и расчетного механизма, способного сократить транзакционные издержки, стабилизировать цены в энергетике, сельском хозяйстве и промышленности, а также повысить конкурентоспособность экономик БРИКС. Применение с партнерами БРИКС+ позволит дополнительно диверсифицировать расчетные механизмы, снизить зависимость от доллара США и укрепить роль БРИКС в мировой экономике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>real exchange rates</kwd><kwd>BRICS currency policy</kwd><kwd>cross-border capital investments</kwd><kwd>international trade</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реальный валютный курс</kwd><kwd>валютная политика БРИКС</kwd><kwd>трансграничные потоки капитала</kwd><kwd>международная торговля</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Al Mansoori, G.H., Al Sharafi, E.A., Al Mheiri, S.M., &amp; Nobanee, H. (2024). Foreign exchange risk management: A comprehensive literature review and mitigation strategies in floating exchange rate regimes. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ SSRN.4979859</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Diebold, F.X., &amp; Labys, P. (2005). Modeling and Forecasting Realized Volatility. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.267792</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bai Gao. (2024). From De-Risking to De-Dollarisation: The BRICS Currency and the Future of the International Financial Order | Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Journal of Contemporary Chinese Thought, 2(1), 1–61. Retrieved from https://thetricontinental.org/wenhua-zongheng-2024-1-derisking-dedollarisation-brics-currency/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Bastanifar, I., Khan, K.H., &amp; Koch, H. (2025). Understanding BRICSIZATION through an economic geopolitical model. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1), 100440. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOITMC.2024.100440                          EDN: SOOSTQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bosupeng, M., Naranpanawa, A., &amp; Su, J.J. (2024). Does exchange rate volatility affect the impact of appreciation and depreciation on the trade balance? A nonlinear bivariate approach. Economic Modelling, 130, 106592. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2023.106592 EDN: VRCEVA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Brooks, C., &amp; Persand, G. (2003). Volatility forecasting for risk management. Journal of Forecasting, 22(1), 1–22. EDN: DVRRKT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Camanho, N., Hau, H., &amp; Rey, H. (2022). Global portfolio rebalancing and exchange rates. The Review of Financial Studies, 35(11), 5228–5274. https://doi.org/10.1093/RFS/HHAC023 EDN: FQEIOO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Chaudhari, D., &amp; Trivedi, P. (2022). Efficacy of central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market of the BRICS countries. BRICS Journal of Economics 3(3): 143–172, 3(3), 143–172. https://doi.org/10.3897/BRICS-ECON.3.E84676 EDN: UEKEOL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chiappini, R., &amp; Lahet, D. (2020). Exchange rate movements in emerging economies — Global vs regional factors in Asia. China Economic Review, 60, 101386. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. CHIECO.2019.101386 EDN: JNJDXA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Goryunov, E.L. (2020). Comparative analysis of exchange rate volatility. Monitoring of Economic Situation in Russia, 15, 123–126. Retrieved from https://www.iep.ru/ru/publikatcii/publication/monitoring-ekonomicheskoy-situatsii-v-rossii-15-117-iyun-2020-g.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gupta, H., &amp; Chaudhary, R. (2023). An analysis of volatility and risk-adjusted returns of ESG indices in developed and emerging economies. Risks, 11(10), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/RISKS11100182 EDN: EZONCA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Haddad, A.E. (2025). Exchange Rate Dynamics and Macroeconomic Factors: A Comparative Study of BRICS Countries. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=5175871</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hussain, M., Bashir, U., &amp; Rehman, R.U. (2024). Exchange rate and stock prices volatility connectedness and spillover during pandemic induced-crises: Evidence from BRICS countries. Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 31(1), 183–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10690-023-09411-0/FIGURES/2 EDN: UDHJGH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kazakova, E.V. (2015). Features introduction of a single currency in the country`s integration into an economic union. MIR (Modernization, Innovations, Development), 6(3), 141–144. (In Russ.). EDN: UKWGAV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlyuk, V.V., &amp; Chirak, I.N. (2013). Monetary policy and financial instability in developing countries. Finance and Credit, 19, 19–27. (In Russ.). EDN: QANZPF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kuchin, I., Elkina, M., &amp; Dranev, Y. (2019). The impact of currency risk on firm’s value in emerging countries. Journal of Corporate Finance Research, 13(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.17323/J.JCFR.2073-0438.13.1.2019.7-27 EDN: RINLQF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, T.Y., &amp; Lee, C.C. (2022). Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate policy. International Journal of Finance &amp; Economics, 27(3), 3531–3549. https://doi.org/10.1002/IJFE.2336 EDN: ENVTSB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Meher, P., &amp; Mishra, R.K. (2024). Interconnectedness of BRICS financial markets: A spillover analysis. Review of Economic and Business Studies, 17(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.47743/REBS-2024-1-0003 EDN: FYQAGW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Nach, M., &amp; Ncwadi, R. (2024). BRICS economic integration: Prospects and challenges. South African Journal of International Affairs, 31(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2024.2380676</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Saji, T.G. (2019). Can BRICS form a currency union? An analysis under Markov regime-switching framework. Global Business Review, 20(1), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150917721835</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Sbeiti, W., Ahmad, M.U., AlKhashti, F., &amp; Haddad, A.E. (2025). Exchange rate dynamics and macroeconomic factors: A comparative study of BRICS countries. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749101251317482 EDN: QTTHFT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Vijayakumar, N., Sridharan, P., &amp; Rao, K.C.S. (2010). Determinants of FDI in BRICS countries: A panel analysis. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.69864/IJBSAM.5-3.58</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Warnes, I. (2022). The impact of exchange rate volatility on economic growth and international trade. Cultura Económica, 40(104), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.46553/CECON.40.104.2022. P49-67 EDN: VLLSNH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Zerihun, M., Breitenbach, M., &amp; Njindan Iyke, B. (2020). A comparative analysis of currency volatility among BRICS countries. Journal of African Business, 21(1), 78–104. https://doi.or g/10.1080/15228916.2019.1587805</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu, Y., &amp; Sardana, D. (2020). Multinational enterprises’ risk mitigation strategies in emerging markets: A political coalition perspective. Journal of World Business, 55(2), 101044. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWB.2019.101044 EDN: PMQQLN</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
