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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48453</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2025-33-4-617-652</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NZRLOR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Developed and developing countries economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика развитых и развивающихся стран</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms and determinants of leadership &#13;
in Hispano-American countries:&#13;
a comparative analysis of development trajectories</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы и детерминанты лидерства стран Испаноамерики:&#13;
сравнительный анализ траектории развития</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-2453</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9146-8792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpina</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпина</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, associate professor, Leading Researcher, The HSE School of Foreign Languages</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент, факультет «Школа иностранных языков»</p></bio><email>ekarpina@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6670-3338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voropai</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воропай</surname><given-names>Андрей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Intern Researcher at the Laboratory for political geography and contemporary geopolitics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажер-исследователь научно-учебной лаборатории политической географии и современной геополитики</p></bio><email>avoropay@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2379-6776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tatyankin</surname><given-names>Georgiy M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Татьянкин</surname><given-names>Георгий Максимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Intern Researcher at the Laboratory for Mathematical modeling, </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажер-исследователь лаборатории математического моделирования</p></bio><email>gtatyankin@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University “Higher School of Economics”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИУ «Высшая школа ээкономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">BRICS+: THE CHANGING ROLE IN A MULTIPOLAR WORLD</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">БРИКС+: МЕНЯЮЩАЯСЯ РОЛЬ В УСЛОВИЯХ МНОГОПОЛЯРНОГО МИРА</issue-title><fpage>617</fpage><lpage>652</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-20"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-20"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Karpina E.V., Voropai A.A., Tatyankin G.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Карпина Е.В., Воропай А.А., Татьянкин Г.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karpina E.V., Voropai A.A., Tatyankin G.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карпина Е.В., Воропай А.А., Татьянкин Г.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/48453">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/48453</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> This study presents a comparative analysis of the factors and mechanisms driving the development of leading Spanish-speaking Latin American countries over the period 1990–2023, with attention to the influence of global economic and political dynamics. The study focuses on five key countries — Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Colombia — which demonstrate relatively stable economic performance, political influence, demographic weight, and active engagement in international affairs. Methodologically of the study is based on an adapted version of Ray Dalio’s model, enhanced by an original structural framework for assessing seven institutional factors: the level of education, foreign trade volume, innovation and technological capacity, military potential, competitiveness, financial infrastructure, and industrial output. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining retrospective quantitative indicators with qualitative variables, such as institutional reforms, politico-economic transformation, and involvement in international alliances. The selection of countries is justified by their structural comparability, similar starting conditions in the 1990s, and the availability of consistent and verifiable statistical data. Venezuela is deliberately excluded from the sample due to its atypical developmental trajectory and lack of reliable macroeconomic data since the mid-2010s, which undermines the reproducibility and validity of comparative analysis. The analysis identifies education (particularly in Argentina and Chile), international trade (especially in Mexico and Chile), and industrial development (with Mexico as the regional leader) as key determinants of long-term leadership. In contrast, the absence of global financial centers and reserve currencies remains a developmental weakness, while military capacity continues to play a significant role only in conflict-prone countries such as Colombia. The findings contribute to the academic understanding of regional leadership in Latin America and provide a foundation for policy strategies aimed at fostering sustainable growth and enhancing the international standing of Hispano-American states.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование сочетает макроэкономический и институциональный подходы, раскрывая внутренние механизмы формирования регионального лидерства и восполняя существующий пробел в академической литературе, где нередко преобладают либо локальные кейс-стади, либо обобщенные макроэкономические подходы, не раскрывающие внутренних механизмов устойчивого лидерства. Представлен сравнительный анализ факторов и механизмов развития ведущих государств испаноязычной части Латинской Америки в период 1990–2023 гг. с учетом влияния глобальных экономических и политических событий. Исследованы траектории развития пяти стран-локомотивов (Мексики, Аргентины, Чили, Перу и Колумбии), которые демонстрируют устойчивый экономический прогресс, политическое влияние, демографическую значимость и роль в международных делах. В качестве методологической основы использована адаптированная модель Р. Далио, дополненная авторским подходом к структурной оценке семи институциональных факторов: уровня образования, внешней торговли, инновационно-технологической активности, военного потенциала, конкурентоспособности, развитости финансовой инфраструктуры и промышленного производства. Анализ базировался на ретроспективных количественных индикаторах и качественных параметрах, включая нормативно-правовые реформы, политико-экономические преобразования и степень вовлеченности в международные альянсы. Выбор стран обусловлен институциональной сопоставимостью, схожими условиями начала реформ 1990-х гг., а также доступностью надежных и воспроизводимых данных. Исключение Венесуэлы обосновано методологически: страна демонстрирует аномальную траекторию развития и дефицит верифицируемой статистики. В входе анализа выявлены ключевые детерминанты, определяющие потенциал стран для развития траектории лидерства в изученном регионе: образование (особенно в Аргентине и Чили), международная торговля (в Мексике и Чили) и промышленное производство (Мексика как лидер в этом секторе). При этом такие параметры, как наличие глобальных финансовых центров и резервной валюты, остаются слабыми звеньями в развитии региона, в то время как военная составляющая сохраняет значение преимущественно в странах с историческими внутренними конфликтами, как, например, в Колумбии. Полученные результаты могут применяться для построения общей картины траекторий развития государств Испаноамерики, а также для разработки стратегий устойчивого роста, ориентированных на усиление позиций стран региона в глобальной системе.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu, D., &amp; Robinson, J.A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty. Crown Business.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борзова А.Ю., Павлова М.П. Сотрудничество стран Латинской Америки и Карибского бассейна по поддержанию устойчивого развития региона // Латинская Америка. 2019. № 8. С. 47–60. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0005579-5 EDN: NQMLZY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alesina, A., &amp; Rodrik, D. (1994). 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