<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47305</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2025-33-3-557-578</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EIEKOD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Questions of economic theory</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Вопросы экономической теории</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The impact of economic sanctions: scientific approaches and concepts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние экономических санкций: научные подходы и концепты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6014-5955</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9433-7609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mihranyan</surname><given-names>Aza (Azganush)  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мигранян</surname><given-names>Азгануш Ашотовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Economic Research Sector of the Central Institute of World Economy and International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор, зав. сектором экономических исследований ЦПИ</p></bio><email>a.mihranyan20@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2029-6819</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyshegorodtsev</surname><given-names>Daniil D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вышегородцев</surname><given-names>Даниил Денисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, Junior Research Fellow of the Economic Research Sector of the Central Institute of World Economy and International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, младший научный сотрудник сектора экономических исследований ЦПИ</p></bio><email>vyshegorodtsev.dd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е.М. Примакова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Modernization and innovation: new challenges for the world</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Модернизация и инновации:  новые вызовы мировой экономики</issue-title><fpage>557</fpage><lpage>578</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Mihranyan A.A., Vyshegorodtsev D.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Мигранян А.А., Вышегородцев Д.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mihranyan A.A., Vyshegorodtsev D.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мигранян А.А., Вышегородцев Д.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/47305">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/47305</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the study is to explore the scientific theories describing economic sanctions and their impact, as well as relevance of their provisions. Events of 2022 have seriously influenced the understanding of restrictions as an instrument of foreign economic policy, which necessitates a revision of fundamental concepts, identification of existing “blind spots” and promising scientific inquiries directions. Through a step-by-step analysis and generalization of the contents of fundamental and applied works of the most cited foreign and Russian scientists who have contributed to the understanding of sanctions, the possible level of their impact on its object, as well as its specific factors and indicators, the following conclusions are drawn. The results of the conducted research are the identified features of the modern theoretical understanding of economic sanctions, as well as the formulated proposals for improving future scientific works in terms of the methodology used and the most relevant thematic areas. Most of the studies establish noneconomic and economic criteria as a determinant of economic sanctions. Methodology concerned, the majority of them are based either on the analysis of databases in which episodes of the application of restrictions are recorded, or on individual case studies. Right now, there is no consensus in the scientific community regarding the assessment of the effectiveness of restriction tools as such. All the new phenomena of sanctions policy, such as secondary and targeted sanctions, cannot fully be considered within the existing theoretical framework. In terms of coverage and consideration of potential influencing factors, the economic component of its understanding is currently inferior to its political science part. However, this drawback is rather temporary, since the scientific field in question continues to be in a stage of active development and comprehension of a significant number of applied works in 2022-2025 timeframe, which can become the basis for conducting new fundamental research based on their data. The study concludes that the influence of non-market administrative barriers on the economy of the object is undisputable. It is noted that the most promising studies today are those that focus on studying new manifestations of restrictive policy (secondary and targeted sanctions) and the impact of restrictions on individual sectors of the economy and their representatives. In this case, the methodological basis should consist of tools for assessing the state and dynamics of both macroeconomic indicators and intra- and inter-industry processes, which make it possible, among other things, to determine the impact of sanctions in the context of individual areas.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Выполнены обзор и анализ актуальности научных теорий, описывающих экономические санкции и их влияние на объекты санкционных мер. События 2022 г. внесли серьезные изменения в понимание рестрикций как инструмента внешнеэкономической политики, что обусловливает необходимость ревизии основополагающих концепций, выявления «белых пятен» в исследовании данного вопроса и наиболее перспективных направлений научных изысканий. Проведен поэтапный анализ и обобщены итоги фундаментальных и прикладных трудов наиболее цитируемых зарубежных и российских ученых, внесших вклад в понимание санкций, возможного уровня их воздействия на объект, а также конкретных факторов и показателей этого воздействия. Выявлены особенности современного теоретического осмысления экономических санкций, сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию будущих научных работ в этой области с точки зрения используемой методологии и наиболее актуальных тематических направлений. Большинство исследований в качестве маркера успешности экономических санкций выделяют критерии неэкономического и экономического свойства. В научном сообществе отсутствует консенсус относительно оценки эффективности рестрикционного инструментария как такового. Имеющаяся теоретическая основа не может в полной мере учесть все новые явления санкционной политики, такие как вторичные и точечные санкции. Соответственно, в плане охвата и учета потенциальных факторов влияния экономическая составляющая осмысления эффекта санкций на сегодняшний день уступает политологической его части. Научная отрасль продолжает находиться в стадии активного развития и осмысления появившегося в период 2022-2025 гг. значительного числа прикладных работ и аналитических материалов, которые могут стать основой для проведения опирающихся на их данные новых фундаментальных исследований. Сделан вывод о безусловном наличии влияния внерыночных административных барьеров на экономику объекта. Отмечено, что наиболее перспективны исследования, которые фокусируются на изучении новых проявлений рестрикционной политики (вторичные и точечные санкции) и влияния ограничений на отдельные отрасли экономики и их представителей. Методологическую основу таких исследований должны составить инструменты оценки состояния и динамики макроэкономических показателей и внутри- и межотраслевых процессов, позволяющие в т.ч. определить влияние санкций в разрезе отдельных сфер.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>restrictions</kwd><kwd>sanctions theories</kwd><kwd>criteria of effectiveness</kwd><kwd>targeted sanctions</kwd><kwd>world market</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рестрикции</kwd><kwd>теории санкций</kwd><kwd>критерии эффективности</kwd><kwd>точечные санкции</kwd><kwd>мировой рынок</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aalto, P., &amp; Forsberg, T. (2016). The structuration of Russia’s geo-economy under economic sanctions. Asia Europe Journal, 14(2), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-015-0446-6 EDN: WPFPJX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алтухов А.В., Банникова В.А., Матвеев Е.О., Тищенко С.А. Оценка влияния международных санкций на отрасли российской экономики методом сетевого моделирования // Экономика и управление. 2020. Т. 26. № 3 (173).  С. 306–314. https://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-3-306-314 EDN: GYJOJE</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altukhov, A.V., Bannikova, V.A., Matveev, E.O., &amp; Tishchenko, S.A. (2020). Assessing the impact of international sanctions on Russian economy sectors using network modeling. Economics and Management, 26(3), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-3-306-314 EDN: GYJOJE</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьёв В.П., Францкевич А.А. Эконометрическое моделирование инновационной деятельности российских нефтегазовых компаний // Математика, статистика и информационные технологии в экономике, управлении и образовании : сб. тр. V Междунар. науч.-практ. конф., 31 мая 2016 г., г. Тверь. Ч. 1: Математика и статистика / ред. кол.: А.А. Васильев (отв. ред.) (и др.). Тверь : Твер. гос. ун-т, 2016.  С. 33–38. EDN: WFEUKX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baldwin, D.A., &amp; Pape, R.A. (1998). Evaluating economic sanctions. International Security, 23(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.2.189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурвич Е.Т., Прилепский И.В. Влияние финансовых санкций на российскую экономику // Вопросы экономики. 2016. № 1.  С. 5–35. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-1-5-35 EDN: VGSOPP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bapat, N.A., Heinrich, T., Kobayashi, Y., &amp; Morgan, T.C. (2013). determinants of sanctions effectiveness: Sensitivity analysis using new data. International Interactions, 39(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.751298</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинова М.В., Сидорова Е.А. Экономические санкции и их влияние на хозяйственные связи России с Европейским союзом // Вопросы экономики. 2014. № 12.  С. 67–79. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-12-67-79 EDN: TAZSZR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caruso, R. (2003). The impact of international economic sanctions on trade — an empirical analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.895841</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нуриев Р.М., Бусыгин Е.Г. Экономические санкции против России: краткосрочные и среднесрочные последствия для нефтяной и газовой промышленности // Journal of Economic Regulation. 2017. Т. 8. № 3.  С. 6–22. https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2017.8.3.006-022 EDN: ZMIHUH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashti-Gibson, J., Davis, P., &amp; Radcliff, B. (1997). On the determinants of the success of economic sanctions: An empirical analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111779</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Омельченко А.Н., Хрусталёв Е.Ю. Модель индекса интенсивности санкций (на примере России) // Национальные интересы: приоритеты и безопасность. 2018. Т. 14. № 1.  C. 62–77. https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2017.8.3.006-022 EDN: YKWNRM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreger, C., Kholodilin, K.A., Ulbricht, D., &amp; Fidrmuc, J. (2016). Between the hammer and the anvil: The impact of economic sanctions and oil prices on Russia’s ruble. Journal of Comparative Economics, 44(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.12.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлова Н.В. Финансовые санкции против России: влияние на экономику и экономическую политику // Вопросы экономики. 2014. № 12.  С. 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611991.2016.1200389 EDN: TAZSZH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drezner, D.W. (2015). Targeted sanctions in a world of global finance. International Interactions, 41(4), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2015.1041297</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Как исследовать политику санкций? Стратегия эмпирического исследования // Международная аналитика. 2023b. Т. 14. № 1.  C. 22–36. https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-22-36 EDN: OYFVYS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank, J. (2017). The empirical consequences of trade sanctions for directly and indirectly affected countries. FIW Working paper.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Политика санкций в меняющемся мире: теоретическая рефлексия // Полис. Политические исследования. 2023a. № 2.  C. 103–119. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2023.02.08 EDN: OWQAPZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galtung, J. (1967). On the effects of international economic sanctions, with examples from the case of Rhodesia. World Politics, 19(3), 378–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009785</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тимофеев И.Н. Экономические санкции как политическое понятие // Вестник МГИМО-Университета. 2018. № 2.  C. 26–42. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42 EDN: XPUCKL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurvich, E., &amp; Prilepskiy, I. (2016). The impact of financial sanctions on the Russian economy. Voprosy ekonomiki, 1, 5–35. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-1-5-35 EDN: VGSOPP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aalto P., Forsberg T. The structuration of Russia’s geo-economy under economic sanctions // Asia Europe Journal. Springer, 2016. Vol. 14. № 2.  P. 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-015-0446-6 EDN: WPFPJX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haidar, J.I. (2017). Sanctions and export deflection: Evidence from Iran. Economic Policy, 32(90), 319–355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baldwin D.A., Pape R.A. Evaluating economic sanctions // International Security. 1998. Vol. 23. № 2.  P. 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.2.189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilgenstock, B., Hrybanovskii, O., &amp; Kravtsev, A. (2024). Assessing Russia’s shadow fleet: Initial build-up, links to the global shadow fleet, and future prospects. KSE Institute. https://Sanctions. Kse. Ua/Wp-Content/Uploads/2024/06/Global-Shadow-Fleet-June-2024. Pdf (accessed: 10.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bapat N.A., Heinrich T., Kobayashi Y., Morgan T.C. Determinants of sanctions effectiveness: sensitivity analysis using new data // International Interactions. 2013. Vol. 39. № 1.  P. 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.751298</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilgenstock, B., Kravtsev, A., &amp; Pavytska, Y. (2024). The Core of Russia’s Shadow Fleet: Identifying Targets for Future Tanker Designations. KSE Institute. https://Sanctions. Kse. Ua/Wp-Content/Uploads/2024/08/KSE_core_shadow_fleet. Pdf (accessed: 10.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan T.C., Bapat N., Kobayashi Y. Threat and imposition of economic sanctions 1945–2005: Updating the TIES dataset // Conflict Management and Peace Science. 2014. Vol. 31. № 5.  P. 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894213520379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinz, J. (2019). Cost of sanctions: Estimating lost trade with gravity. Disrupted Economic Relationships: Disasters, Sanctions, Dissolutions, 77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caruso R. The impact of international economic sanctions on trade — an empirical analysis // SSRN Journal. 2003. http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.895841</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann, F. (1967). The functions of economic sanctions: A comparative analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 4(2), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336700400204 EDN: JNWYKV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashti-Gibson J., Davis P., Radcliff B. On the determinants of the success of economic sanctions: an empirical analysis // American Journal of Political Science. 1997. Vol. 41. № 2.  P. 608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111779</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hufbauer, G., Schott, J., Elliott, K., &amp; Oegg, B. (2007). Economic sanctions reconsidered. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreger C., Kholodilin K., Ulbricht D., Fidrmuc J. Between the hammer and the anvil: The impact of economic sanctions and oil prices on Russia’s ruble // Journal of Comparative Economics. 2016. Vol. 44. № 2.  P. 295–308. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.12.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Itskhoki, O., &amp; Ribakova, E. (2024). The economics of sanctions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drezner D.W. Targeted sanctions in a world of global finance // International Interactions. 2015. Vol. 41. № 4.  P. 755–764. http://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2015.1041297</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaempfer, W.H., &amp; Lowenberg, A.D. (2007). Chapter 27 The political economy of economic sanctions. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 2, pp. 867–911). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0013(06)02027-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank J. The empirical consequences of trade sanctions for directly and indirectly affected countries. FIW Working paper, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinova, M., &amp; Sidorova, E. (2014). Economic sanctions and EU-Russia economic relations. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 12, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-12-67-79 EDN: TAZSZR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galtung J. On the effects of international economic sanctions, with examples from the case of Rhodesia // World Pol. 1967. Vol. 19. № 3.  P. 378–416. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009785</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerner, A.P. (1936). The symmetry between import and export taxes. Economica, 3(11), 306–313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haidar J.I. Sanctions and export deflection: evidence from Iran // Economic Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. Vol. 32. № 90.  P. 319–355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin, L.L. (1992). Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691227825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilgenstock B., Hrybanovskii O., Kravtsev A. Assessing Russia’s shadow fleet: initial build-up, links to the global shadow fleet, and future prospects // KSE Institute. https://sanctions. kse. ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Global-Shadow-Fleet-June-2024. pdf. 2024 (дата обращения: 10.04.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moll, B., Schularick, M., &amp; Zachmann, G. (2023). The power of substitution: The great German gas debate in retrospect. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2023(2), 395–481. EDN: VSQVXS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilgenstock B., Kravtsev A., Pavytska Y. The core of Russia’s shadow fleet: identifying targets for future tanker designations // KSE Institute. https://sanctions. kse. ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/KSE_core_shadow_fleet. pdf. 2024 (дата обращения: 10.04.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan, T.C., Bapat, N., &amp; Kobayashi, Y. (2014). Threat and imposition of economic sanctions 1945–2005: Updating the TIES dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(5), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894213520379 EDN: XNKVBB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinz J. Cost of sanctions: estimating lost trade with gravity // Disrupted Economic Relationships: Disasters, Sanctions, Dissolutions. CESifo Seminar Series at MIT Press, Volker Nitsch and Tibor Besede eds. Ch. 3, 2019.  P. 77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan, T.C., Bapat, N., &amp; Krustev, V. (2009). The threat and imposition of economic sanctions, 1971–2000*. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26(1), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894208097668</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann F. The functions of economic sanctions: a comparative analysis // Journal of Peace Research. 1967. Vol. 4. № 2.  P. 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336700400204 EDN: JNWYKV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nuriev, R.M., &amp; Busygin, E.G. (2017). Economic sanctions against Russia: short-term and medium-term consequences for the oil and gas industry. Journal of Economic Regulation, 8(3), 6–22. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2017.8.3.006-022 EDN: ZMIHUH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hufbauer G., Schott J., Elliot K.A., Oegg B. Economic sanctions reconsidered. Washington, DC : Peterson Institute for international economics, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omel’chenko, A., &amp; Khrustalev, E. (2018). The model of sanction intensity index: Evidence from Russia. National Interests: Priorities and Security, 14(1), 62–77. EDN: YKWNRM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itskhoki O., Ribakova E. The economics of sanctions // Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlova, N.V. (2016). Financial sanctions: Consequences for Russia’s economy and economic policy. Problems of Economic Transition, 58(3), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611991.2016.1200389 EDN: TAZSZH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaempfer W.H., Lowenberg A.D. Chapter 27 The political economy of economic sanctions // Handbook of Defense Economics. Elsevier, 2007. Vol. 2.  P. 867–911. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0013(06)02027-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pape, R.A. (1997). Why economic sanctions do not work. International Security, 22(2), 90–136. EDN: HIETOH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerner A.P. The symmetry between import and export taxes // Economica. JSTOR. 1936. Vol. 3. № 11.  P. 306–313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pape, R.A. (1998). Why economic sanctions still do not work. International Security, 23(1), 66–77. EDN: GWWHFH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin L.L. Coercive cooperation: explaining multilateral economic sanctions. Princeton University Press, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691227825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev, I.N. (2019). Rethinking sanctions efficiency. Russia in Global Affairs, 17(3), 86–108. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2018-2-59-26-42 EDN: XPUCKL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moll B., Schularick M., Zachmann G. The power of substitution: The great German gas debate in retrospect // Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2023. Vol. 2023. № 2.  P. 395–481. EDN: VSQVXS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev, I.N. (2023a). Policy of sanctions in a changing world: Theoretical reflection. Polis. Political Studies, (2), 103–119. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2023.02.08 EDN: OWQAPZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan T.C., Bapat N., Krustev V. The threat and imposition of economic sanctions, 1971–2000* // Conflict Management and Peace Science. 2009. Vol. 26. № 1.  P. 92–110. http://doi.org/10.1177/0738894208097668 EDN: XNKVBB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timofeev, I.N. (2023b). How to study the policy of sanctions? The vision of empirical research. International Analytics, 14(1), 22–36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-1-22-36 EDN: OYFVYS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pape R.A. Why economic sanctions do not work // International security. 1997. Vol. 22. № 2.  P. 90–136. EDN: HIETOH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorobyov, V.P., &amp; Frantskevich, A.A. (2016). The econometric modeling of innovative activity in Russian oil and gas sector. In A.A. Vasiliev (Ed.), Mathematics, Statistics and Informational Technologies in Economy, Management and Education. Part 1: Mathematics and Statistics: a collection of articles of the international conference (pp. 33–38). Tver: Tver. state University. (In Russ.). EDN: WFEUKX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pape R.A. Why economic sanctions still do not work // International security. 1998. Vol. 23. № 1.  P. 66–77. EDN: GWWHFH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallensteen, P. (1968). Characteristics of economic sanctions. Journal of Peace Research, 5(3), 248–267. EDN: JNWYVF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timofeev I.N. Rethinking sanctions efficiency // Russia in Global Affairs. 2019. Vol. 17. № 3.  P. 86–108. EDN: XPUCKL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Wallensteen P. Characteristics of economic sanctions // Journal of peace research. 1968. Vol. 5. № 3.  P. 248–267. EDN: JNWYVF</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
