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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47298</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2025-33-3-463-480</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FECXDE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Developed and developing countries economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика развитых и развивающихся стран</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Reducing the carbon intensity of China’s economy: the role of climate policy and carbon markets</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Снижение углеродной интенсивности экономики КНР: роль климатической политики и углеродных рынков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-3953</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4511-9508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gryaznova</surname><given-names>Varvara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грязнова</surname><given-names>Варвара Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lecturer of the Department of International Transport and Logistics, PhD student of the Department of International Economic Relations and Foreign Economic Affairs named after N.N. Liventsev</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель кафедры УГМК «Международные транспортные операции», аспирант кафедры международных экономических отношений и внешнеэкономических связей им. Н.Н. Ливенцева</p></bio><email>gryaznova.v.a@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Modernization and innovation: new challenges for the world</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Модернизация и инновации:  новые вызовы мировой экономики</issue-title><fpage>463</fpage><lpage>480</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Gryaznova V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Грязнова В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gryaznova V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грязнова В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/47298">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/47298</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the early 2000s accelerated industrialization, urban population growth, and increased energy consumption have led the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to become the world’s largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which continue to rise. This has created a necessity for transitioning to a low-carbon economic development model, especially under international pressure and the country’s ambitious goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. A distinctive feature of China’s current climate policy is its focus not on absolute emission reductions, but rather on reducing emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), i.e., lowering the carbon intensity of the economy. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of China’s climate policy and assess the effectiveness of market-based GHG emission regulation tools, such as emissions trading systems and carbon credit mechanisms, in the context of reducing the economy’s carbon intensity. The research is based on an analysis of government documents, data on carbon market functioning, and scientific literature. Comparative analysis and statistical modeling were employed to evaluate emission dynamics and the effectiveness of climate policy instruments. The analysis shows that in recent years there has been a decline in the ambition of climate policy; however, carbon markets demonstrate positive results, although they face several challenges and limitations: insufficient data transparency, low allowances prices and liquidity, potential carbon leakage, and a shortage of carbon credits. The concluding part of the study emphasizes that the reduction in carbon intensity may be related not only to state efforts, but also to the Kuznets curve, according to which GHG emissions begin to decline after reaching a certain level of economic development. To achieve the long-term goal of carbon neutrality in the PRC, further improvement of climate policy is necessary, including replacing targets for reducing emission intensity with limits on absolute emission volumes, as well as strengthening control within ETSs and carbon crediting mechanisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С начала 2000-х гг. ускоренные темпы индустриализации, рост городского населения и увеличение потребления энергии привели к тому, что Китайская Народная Республика (КНР) стала крупнейшим в мире источником выбросов парниковых газов (ПГ), которые имеют тенденцию к росту. Это создало необходимость перехода на низкоуглеродное развитие экономики, особенно в условиях международного давления и цели страны по достижению углеродной нейтральности к 2060 г. Отличительная черта текущей климатической политики Китая - фокус не на абсолютном сокращении выбросов, а на снижении их уровня на единицу валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП), т.е. уменьшении углеродной интенсивности экономики. Цель исследования - проанализировать эволюцию климатической политики КНР и оценить эффективность рыночных инструментов регулирования выбросов ПГ, таких как системы торговли квотами и механизмы углеродного кредитования, в контексте снижения углеродной интенсивности экономики. Исследование основано на анализе государственных документов, данных по функционированию углеродных рынков и научных источников. Применены сравнительный анализ и статистическое моделирование для оценки динамики выбросов и эффективности инструментов климатической политики. Анализ показал, что в последнее время наблюдается снижение амбициозности климатической политики, однако углеродные рынки демонстрируют положительные результаты, хотя сталкиваются с рядом проблем и ограничений: недостаточной прозрачностью данных, низкими ценами на квоты и низкой ликвидностью, возможной утечкой углерода и дефицитом углеродных кредитов. Завершающая часть исследования подчеркивает, что снижение углеродной интенсивности может быть связано не только с усилиями государства, но и с кривой Кузнеца, согласно которой после достижения определенного уровня экономического развития выбросы ПГ начинают снижаться. Для реализации долгосрочной цели по углеродной нейтральности в КНР необходимо дальнейшее совершенствование климатической политики, включая замену целей по снижению интенсивности выбросов на ограничение их абсолютных объемов, а также усиление контроля в рамках систем квотирования и углеродного кредитования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>emissions trading system</kwd><kwd>ETS</kwd><kwd>carbon crediting mechanism</kwd><kwd>climate policy</kwd><kwd>the People’s Republic of China</kwd><kwd>PRC</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>система торговли квотами на выбросы</kwd><kwd>СТК</kwd><kwd>механизм углеродного кредитования</kwd><kwd>климатическая политика</kwd><kwd>Китайская Народная Республика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva, N.N., &amp; Fortygina, E.A. (2022). 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