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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">43984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2025-33-1-111-122</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PUJOJB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Developed and developing countries economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика развитых и развивающихся стран</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of energy security changes in Iran under the economic sanctions: lessons for Russian Federation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка изменений в энергетической безопасности Ирана под воздействием экономических санкций: уроки для Российской Федерации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7726-1757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rasoulinezhad</surname><given-names>Ehsan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Расулинежад</surname><given-names>Эхсан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of World Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент, факультет исследований мировых проблем</p></bio><email>e.rasoulinezhad@ut.ac.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Tehran</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тегеранский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">THE WORLD IN MOTION: GLOBALIZATION OR NATIONAL INTERESTS?</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Мир в движении: глобализация или национальные интересы?</issue-title><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-27"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Rasoulinezhad E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Расулинежад Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rasoulinezhad E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Расулинежад Э.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/43984">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/43984</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The impact of Western sanctions on Iran’s energy security is reviewed, and significant changes in the country’s energy landscape are highlighted. The main goal is to assess how the sanctions have affected various aspects of energy security, including accessibility, security, and infrastructure development. Between 2000 and 2010, Iran’s energy security index improved significantly, rising from 35.46 to 61.1. This was driven by increased investment in energy infrastructure and access to affordable energy resources, which allowed the country to strengthen its energy sector. However, the introduction of comprehensive sanctions in 2011 was a turning point that caused a sharp decline in the energy security index due to reduced international investment and limited access to technology and financial resources. Partial recovery was observed after the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, when sanctions were temporarily eased, which allowed for the resumption of external contacts. Nevertheless, the US withdrawal from the agreement in 2018 led to the re-imposition of sanctions, further worsening the energy security situation. The situation has worsened against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted global energy markets, and increasing geopolitical tensions. By 2021, the energy security index has dropped to 27.58, reflecting serious challenges. Data analysis indicates a strategic shift in priorities: Iran has focused on ensuring energy availability for Iranian consumers and producers in the country’s manufacturing sector. To improve energy security, the study suggests that Iran diversify its energy mix, strengthen regional partnerships, improve energy efficiency, and modernize outdated infrastructure. It is concluded that similar strategies for overcoming sanctions and mitigating their negative consequences for national energy security are applicable to Russia, and attention is focused on diversifying energy resources, self-sufficiency, and strengthening ties with non-Western countries.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрено влияние западных санкций на энергетическую безопасность Ирана, подчеркнуты значительные изменения в энергетическом ландшафте страны. Основная цель - оценить, как санкции повлияли на различные аспекты энергетической безопасности, включая доступность, обеспеченность и развитие инфраструктуры. В период с 2000 по 2010 г. индекс энергетической безопасности Ирана значительно улучшился, поднявшись с 35,46 до 61,1. Это было обусловлено увеличением инвестиций в энергетическую инфраструктуру и доступом к недорогим энергетическим ресурсам, что позволило стране укрепить свой энергетический сектор. Однако введение всеобъемлющих санкций в 2011 г. стало поворотным моментом, вызвавшим резкое снижение индекса энергетической безопасности из-за сокращения международных инвестиций и ограниченного доступа к технологиям и финансовым ресурсам. Частичное восстановление наблюдалось после заключения Совместного всеобъемлющего плана действий (СВПД) в 2015 г., когда санкции были временно смягчены, что позволило возобновить внешние контакты. Тем не менее выход США из соглашения в 2018 г. привел к повторному введению санкций, еще больше ухудшив ситуацию с энергетической безопасностью. Обстановка усугубилась на фоне пандемии COVID-19, которая нарушила глобальные энергетические рынки, и усиливающихся геополитических напряженностей. К 2021 г. индекс энергетической безопасности снизился до 27,58, что отражает серьезные вызовы. Анализ данных указывает на стратегическое смещение приоритетов: Иран сосредоточился на обеспечении доступности энергоносителей для иранских потребителей и производителей в обрабатывающем секторе страны. Для повышения энергетической безопасности исследование предлагает Ирану диверсифицировать энергобаланс, укреплять региональные партнерства, повышать энергоэффективность и модернизировать устаревшую инфраструктуру. Сделан вывод о применимости для России аналогичных стратегий по преодолению санкций, смягчению их негативных последствий для национальной энергетической безопасности, акцентируется внимание на диверсификации энергоресурсов, самообеспеченности и укреплении связей с незападными странами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>fuel and energy sector</kwd><kwd>petrochemical industry</kwd><kwd>Iran</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>economic structure</kwd><kwd>self-sufficiency policy</kwd><kwd>import substitution</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>топливно-энергетический сектор</kwd><kwd>нефтехимическая промышленность</kwd><kwd>Иран</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>структура экономики</kwd><kwd>политика самообеспечения</kwd><kwd>импортозамещение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aflatooni, A., Ghaderi, K., &amp; Mansouri, K. 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