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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36224</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-3-400-430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PRZHYA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ КАПИТАЛА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">«Second economy» of U.S</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Вторая экономика» США</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-2462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalova</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалова</surname><given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Science (In Economics), docent of the International economic relations Department, Faculty of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры международных экономических отношений экономического факультета</p></bio><email>konovalova_yua@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4050-7458</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusakov</surname><given-names>Nikolay P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусаков</surname><given-names>Николай Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science (In Economics), Professor of the International Economic Relations Department, Faculty of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры международных экономических отношений экономического факультета</p></bio><email>gusakov-np@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-2753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mizintseva</surname><given-names>Mariya F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мизинцева</surname><given-names>Мария Федоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science (In Economics), Professor, Chief Researcher of the Laboratory of Computer Modeling of Socio-Economic Processes</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории компьютерного моделирования социально-экономических процессов</p></bio><email>mfmizin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Economic and Mathematical Institute of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный экономико-математический институт РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">MODERNIZATION AND INNOVATION. NEW CHALLENGES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ И ИННОВАЦИИ. НОВЫЕ ВЫЗОВЫ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ</issue-title><fpage>400</fpage><lpage>430</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-04"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Konovalova Y.A., Gusakov N.P., Mizintseva M.F.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Коновалова Ю.А., Гусаков Н.П., Мизинцева М.Ф.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalova Y.A., Gusakov N.P., Mizintseva M.F.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалова Ю.А., Гусаков Н.П., Мизинцева М.Ф.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/36224">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/36224</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Research examines multiple approaches to the term “second economy”, which appeared in the scientific economic community in the 70s of the XX century, and received a diametrically opposite interpretation already in the XXI century. The relevance of the topic is due to the scale of activities and the importance that the activities of American TNCs abroad, have acquired through an extensive and developed system of affiliated enterprises and foreign direct investment. The need to clarify the term “second economy” comes from the presence of many approaches to this concept, diametrically opposed to each other: in fact, there are two approaches, the first of which is based on the fact that the “second economy” or “economy number 2” is an informal, shadow, “gray” economy, the indicators of which are evaluative, and characterize illegal methods of enrichment or gaining access to benefits; the second approach is based on the fact that the “second economy” means a developed and extensive network of international production created through American direct investment - a complex of American enterprises abroad. The retrospective of the formation and development of TNCs and the filial system in the world economy, theoretical and practical approaches to the activities and especially the foreign economic expansion of monopolies during the XX century are considered in detail. The main attention in the work is paid to the peculiarities of the foreign activities of American TNCs and indicators reflecting their presence outside the national economy, so large that they form the “second economy” of the United States: the number of parent and affiliated enterprises, the geography of their presence and specialization, dynamics and other features of American enterprises are analyzed, investments abroad, as well as the impact of economic policy (tax and protectionism policy) on the volume of investment exports abroad.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Исследованы множественные подходы к термину «вторая экономика», который в научном экономическом сообществе появился в 70-е гг. XX в. и получил диаметрально противоположную трактовку уже в XXI в. Актуальность темы обусловлена масштабами деятельности и тем значением, которое приобрела деятельность американских ТНК за рубежом, посредством разветвленной и развитой системы аффилированных предприятий и прямого иностранного инвестирования. Необходимость уточнения термина «вторая экономика», исходит из наличия множественности подходов к данному понятию, диаметрально противоположных друг по отношению к другу: фактически существует два подхода, первый из которых базируется на том, что «вторая экономика», или «экономика номер 2», есть неофициальная, теневая, «серая» экономика, показатели которой оценочны и характеризуют незаконные методы обогащения или получения доступа к благам; второй подход основывается на том, что под «второй экономикой» понимается развитая и разветвленная сеть международного производства, созданная посредством американских прямых инвестиций - комплекс американских предприятий за границей. Подробно рассматриваются ретроспектива становления и развития ТНК и системы филиалов в мировом хозяйстве, теоретико-практические подходы к деятельности и особенностям внешнеэкономической экспансии монополий в течение XX в. Главное внимание в работе уделено особенностям зарубежной деятельности американских ТНК и показателям, отражающим их присутствие за пределами национальной экономики, настолько масштабным, что они формируют «вторую экономику» США: анализируются численность материнских и аффилированных предприятий, география их присутствия и специализация, динамика и иные особенности американских инвестиций за рубеж, а также влияние экономической политики (налоговой и политики протекционизма) на объемы экспорта инвестиций за рубеж.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>second economy</kwd><kwd>economy number two</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>foreign direct investment</kwd><kwd>affiliated foreign enterprises</kwd><kwd>holding companies</kwd><kwd>the law on reducing inflation</kwd><kwd>tax reform</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вторая экономика</kwd><kwd>экономика номер два</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>прямые иностранные инвестиции</kwd><kwd>аффилированные зарубежные предприятия</kwd><kwd>холдинговые компании</kwd><kwd>закон о сокращении инфляции</kwd><kwd>налоговая реформа</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out with the financial support of the RUDN within the framework of the scientific project No. 060123-0-000 “Formation of a new architecture of international economic relations: challenges and opportunities for emerging market countries” (RUDN Strategic Academic Leadership Program).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РУДН в рамках научного проекта № 060123-0-000 «Формирование новой архитектуры международных экономических отношений: вызовы и возможности для стран с формирующимися рынками» (Программа стратегического академического лидерства РУДН).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed, A., Jones, C., &amp; Temouri, Y. 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