<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">26021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-1-150-163</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION MARKETS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ РЫНКОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pharmaceutical value chain: opportunities for outsourcing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фармацевтическая цепочка создания стоимости: возможности для аутсорсинга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volgina</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волгина</surname><given-names>Наталья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of International Economic Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры международных экономических отношений</p></bio><email>volgina-na@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 29, NO1 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 29, №1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-23"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Volgina N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Волгина Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volgina N.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волгина Н.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/26021">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/26021</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Industry value chains take important place in the architecture of the global economy. In recent years, cross-border pharmaceutical value chains have been actively developing, the formation of which took place both through offshoring and outsourcing processes under the control of Big Pharma companies, which keep leading positions in the pharmaceutical markets. The study evaluates the possibilities of outsourcing, as well as identifies its features at various stages of the pharmaceutical chain. The multistage pharmaceutical chain, as well as its high degree of its modularity, have created favourable opportunities for outsourcing at every stage, from the “lower” stage of retail sales to the “upper” stage of R&amp;D. This is so-called “bottom - up” outsourcing. An increase in costs and a decrease in the efficiency of the entire pharmaceutical chain, caused by the complication of the development and production of drugs, led to a crisis in pharmaceutical innovation. Outsourcing allowed to partially solve arisen problems, increase the productivity of the chain and distribute financial risks, which has led to the emergence of contract organizations that have taken over the implementation of certain pharmaceutical services (contract development and manufacturing, sales, packaging, research organizations). The pharmaceutical R&amp;D market was one of the last to get involved in outsourcing processes, due to the fact, that Big Pharma, which manage outsourcing processes, on the one hand, strives to expand outsourcing in order to improve the efficiency of the pharmaceutical chain, and, on the other hand, are very wary of it, since they want to retain ownership and control over their key competencies, which in the case of outsourcing is not always possible.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Отраслевые цепочки создания стоимости занимают важные позиции в архитектуре мировой экономики. В последние годы активно развивались трансграничные фармацевтические цепочки, формирование которых происходило за счет процессов офшоринга и аутсорсинга под контролем компаний Big Pharma, занимающих лидирующие позиции на фармацевтических рынках. В исследовании оцениваются возможности аутсорсинга, а также выявляются его особенности в различных звеньях фармацевтической цепочки. Многостадийность фармацевтической цепочки и высокая степень ее модульности создали благоприятные возможности для аутсорсинга на каждой ее стадии, начиная от «нижней» - розничных продаж и заканчивая «верхней» - НИОКР. Это так называемый аутсорсинг снизу вверх. Рост затрат на НИОКР и снижение эффективности функционирования всей фармацевтической цепочки, вызванные усложнением разработки и производства лекарственных препаратов, привели к кризису фармацевтических инноваций. Аутсорсинг позволил частично решить возникшие проблемы, повысить производительность цепочки и распределить финансовые риски, а его динамичное развитие привело к появлению подрядных организаций, выполняющих те или иные фармацевтические услуги (контрактных организаций по разработке и производству лекарств, торговых, упаковочных и исследовательских организаций). Рынок фармацевтических НИОКР одним из последних включился в процессы аутсорсинга, поскольку Big Pharma, управляющие этими процессами, с одной стороны, стремятся расширять аутсорсинг в целях повышения эффективности деятельности фармацевтической цепочки, а с другой стороны, относятся к нему настороженно, желая сохранить собственность и контроль над своими ключевыми компетенциями, что в случае аутсорсинга не всегда представляется возможным.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Big Pharma</kwd><kwd>pharmaceutical value chain</kwd><kwd>Big Pharma</kwd><kwd>bottom - up outsourcing</kwd><kwd>contract research organizations</kwd><kwd>contract development and manufacturing organizations</kwd><kwd>contract packaging organizations</kwd><kwd>contract sales organizations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармацевтические цепочки создания стоимости</kwd><kwd>аутсорсинг снизу вверх</kwd><kwd>контрактные исследовательские организации</kwd><kwd>контрактные организации по разработке и производству лекарств</kwd><kwd>контрактные упаковочные организации</kwd><kwd>контрактные торговые организации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research article is prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No. 20-014-00011/20 “Comparative analysis of the benefits and risks of integrating national companies into global value chains: the case of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan”.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научно-исследовательского проекта № 20-014-00011/20 «Сравнительный анализ выгод и рисков встраивания национальных компаний в глобальные цепочки стоимости: на примере фармацевтической отрасли России, Беларуси и Казахстана».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>A.T. Kearney. (2013). Unleashing pharma from the R&amp;D value chain. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.kearney.com/health/article/?/a/unleashing-pharma-from-the-r-d-value-chain</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Allied Market Research. (2020). Pharmaceuticals packaging market overview. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pharmaceutical-packaging-market</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Accenture. (2013). Steering pharma R&amp;D to profitability through integrated outsourcing. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/accenture/ conversion-assets/dotcom/documents/global/pdf/technology_1/accenture-steering-pharmar-and-d-profitability-integrated-outsourcing.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>CEPTON Strategies. (2009). Strategic outsourcing across the pharmaceuticals value chain. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/ 6768795/strategic-outsourcing-across-the-pharmaceuticals-value-chain-cepton</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cezar, R. (2016). France’s pharmaceutical industry in global value chains (2016-2017, Winter). Quarterly Selection of Articles. Banque de France Bulletin, 44, 51-63. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://econpapers.repec.org/article/bfrquarte/2016_3a44_3a05.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Clearwater International. (2019, Autumn). Outsourced pharma services. 2018 report. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.clearwaterinternational.com/publications/ outsourced-pharma-services</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Credit Suisse. (2016). CRO industry primer. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://plus. credit-suisse.com/rpc4/ravDocView?docid=IRNadZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Ernst &amp; Young. (2019). Externalizing pharma innovation is the winning strategy - now more than ever. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from file:///C:/Users/%D0%AE%D0%BB% D0%B8%D1%8F/Downloads/ey-external-innovation-paper.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fassbender, M. (2018). Outsourced sales: Trends, challenges, and opportunities for CSOs. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.outsourcing-pharma.com/Article/2018/ 02/08/Outsourced-sales-Trends-challenges-and-opportunities-for-CSOs</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Grand View Research. (2020). Pharmaceutical packaging market size worth $188.79 bln by 2027. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-pharmaceutical-packaging-market</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. (2014). Understanding the pharmaceutical value chain. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.ifpma.org%2Fwp-content% 2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FIIHI_Report_Pharma_Value.pdf&amp;usg=AOvVaw0dGO6JQGwefZC0BkbGi8Le</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klochko, O.A., &amp; Manuylov, I.A. (2019). Canadian pharmaceutical industry in global value chains: Influence of dominant trading partner. World Eсonomy and International Relations, 63(4), 14-21. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клочко О.А., Мануйлов И.А. Фарминдустрия Канады в глобальных цепочках создания стоимости: влияние доминирующего партнера // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2019. Т. 63. № 4. С. 14-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nezhnikova, E.V., &amp; Maksimchuk, M.V. (2019). Pharmaceutical industry in Russia: Problems and prospects of development. RUDN Journal of Economics, 27(1), 102-112. (In Russ.) http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-1-102-112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нежникова Е.В., Максимчук М.В. Фармацевтическая отрасль в РФ: проблемы и перспективы развития // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика. 2019. Т. 27. № 1. С. 102-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-1-102-112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>UNCTAD. (2020). World investment report 2020. International production beyond the pandemic. New York, Geneva, United Nations. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://unctad.org/ webflyer/world-investment-report-2020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Wadhwa, V., Rissing, B., Gereffi, G., Trumpbour, J., &amp; Engardio, P. (2008, June). The globalization of innovation: Pharmaceuticals. Can India and China cure the global pharmaceutical market? Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1143472</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang, Y., Dawei, L., Changyong, Y., &amp; Qiong, D. (2011, May). On the value chain and international specialization of China’s pharmaceutical industry. USITC Journal of International Commerce and Economics, 3(1), 81-107. Retrieved October 28, 2020, from https://www.usitc.gov/journals/04_ZhangLiYangDu_ValueChainPharma.pdf</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
