<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Economics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2329</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8986</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23113</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-3-479-491</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Developed and developing countries economy</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экономика развитых и развивающихся стран</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Future economic scenarios of Iran and Russia under sanctions and oil price shocks</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Будущие экономические сценарии экономик Ирана и России в условиях резких колебаний мировых цен на нефть и санкций</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rasoulinezhad</surname><given-names>Ehsan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Расулинежад</surname><given-names>Эхсан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor, Department of Russian Studies, Faculty of World Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры российских исследований, факультет мировых исследований</p></bio><email>e.rasoulinezhad@ut.ac.ir</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sabri</surname><given-names>Parisa</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабри</surname><given-names>Париса</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Russian Studies, Faculty of World Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр кафедры российских исследований, факультет мировых исследований</p></bio><email>parisasabri6@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Tehran</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Тегерана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>479</fpage><lpage>491</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Rasoulinezhad E., Sabri P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Расулинежад Э., Сабри П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rasoulinezhad E., Sabri P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Расулинежад Э., Сабри П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/23113">https://journals.rudn.ru/economics/article/view/23113</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The two main current economic problems in Russia and Iran are Western sanctions and oil price spikes. On the one hand, the West introduced economic sanctions against these two countries, which affected the national economy of these two countries. On the other hand, since Iran and Russia are heavily dependent on revenues from oil exports, any sharp changes in world oil prices significantly affect the budgets of these two countries. Despite the implementation of the various strategies of the two countries against sanctions and the collision with oil price shocks, their economies are sensitive to these two hyper problems. The main goal of this work is to study probable scenarios for the future economies of Iran and Russia under the conditions of Western sanctions and oil price fluctuations. Our article shows that for the future economies of Iran and Russia there are four economic scenarios in the form of transformation of the economic structure, rapid economic growth, economic stagnation and economic crisis. In the first scenario, there is an increase in sanctions by the West and its allies against the economies of Iran and Russia, and on the other hand, the price of oil is increasing. This scenario is the most possible future for the economies of Russia and Iran. The second possible scenario for the future economies of Russia and Iran is the rapid economic development and economic growth that will arise as a result of a decrease in political tension with the West, which ended with the lifting of economic sanctions and rising world oil prices. The third option that can be foreseen for the future economies of Russia and Iran is economic stagnation, which will occur if the sanctions of the West and its allies are reduced and world oil prices are reduced again. The fourth possible scenario for the economies of Iran and Russia is an economic crisis. Such a scenario appears when the conflict with the West increases and global oil prices fall, resulting in a large-scale decline and as a result of the economic crisis for the future economies of Iran and Russia. By the way, these two economies must adapt to such unpredictable economic events. They can accelerate import substitution, multilateralism in the Eurasian region, and so on.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Двумя основными текущими экономическими проблемами России и Ирана являются санкции Запада и скачки мировых цен на нефть. С одной стороны, Запад ввел экономические санкции против этих двух стран, что сказалось на национальных экономиках государств. С другой стороны, поскольку Иран и Россия сильно зависят от экспорта нефти, любые резкие изменения мировых цен на нефть существенно влияют на бюджеты этих двух стран. Несмотря на реализацию различных стратегий указанных государств против санкций и столкновения с ценовыми шоками на нефть, их экономики чувствительны к этим двум гиперпроблемам. Целью исследования является разработка сценариев для экономик Ирана и России в условиях санкций со стороны Запада и колебаний цен на нефть. Авторами разработаны четыре возможных сценария для экономик Ирана и России, выраженные в трансформации экономической структуры указанных государств, быстром экономическом росте, экономическом застое и экономическом кризисе. Первый сценарий подразумевает возможное увеличение санкций со стороны Запада и его союзников в отношении Ирана и России с одновременным увеличением мировых цен на нефть. Этот сценарий представляется авторам наиболее возможным для реализации. Второй сценарий основывается на быстром экономическое развитии и экономическом росте Ирана и России вследствие уменьшения политического напряжения со странами Запада, снятия экономических санкций и роста мировых цен на нефть. Третий вариант, предлагаемый авторами, - экономический застой в результате смягчения санкций со стороны Запада и его союзников и падения мировых цен на нефть. Четвертый вероятный сценарии может быть выражен в экономическом кризисе в результате эскалации конфликта со странами Запада и, как следствие, падения мировых цен на нефть, масштабный спад и экономический кризис в Иране и России. В условиях непредсказуемости Россия и Иран должны адаптироваться к быстро меняющимся условиям, в том числе за счет ускорения реализации политики импортозамещения и расширения экономического сотрудничества на Евразийском пространстве.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>oil price fluctuation</kwd><kwd>economic scenarios</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>Iran</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>колебание мировых цен на нефть</kwd><kwd>экономические сценарии</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Иран</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alnasrawi A. (2002). Iraq’s Burdens: Oil, Sanctions, and Underdevelopment (pp. 23–45). London: Greenwood press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильина Е.В. Влияние санкций на экономику России // Вестник экономики, права и социологии. 2015. № 4. C. 34-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagheri S., Akbarpour H.R. (2016). Reinvestigation of the West’s sanctions against Russia  in the crisis of Ukraine and Russia’s reaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, (36), 89–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казанкова Э.Р., Судо М.М. Энергетические ресурсы. Нефть и природный газ // Век уходящий. Россия в окружающем мире. 1998. C. 1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carter B.E. (1988). International Economic Sanction: Improving the haphazard U.S. Legal Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Капусткин В.И., Маргания О.Л. Мировой рынок нефти и международная нефтяная промышленность // Нефть, газ и модернизация общества / под общ. ред. Н.А. Добронравина, О.Л. Маргания. СПб., 2008. С. 53-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dudlak T. (2018). After the sanctions: Policy challenges in transition to a new political economy of the Iranian oil and gas sectors. Energy Policy, (121), 464–475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Расулинежад Э. Влияние мировой цены на нефть на экономику стран - экспортеров нефти // Дискуссия. 2015. № 6 (58). C. 53-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emami K., Adibpoor M. (2009). Asymmetric Effects of Oil Prices Shocks on Production. Quarterly Journal of Economics Modelling, 3(4), 1–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Расулинежад Э., Бузари, Б. Тождественность и различия антисанкционных экономик в Иране и России // Вестник Самарского университета: экономика и управление. 2018. № 9 (4). C. 33-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farzanegan M.R., Markwardt G. (2009). The effects of oil price shocks on the Iranian economy. Energy Economics, 31(1), 134–151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самофалова О. Отделившиеся в плюсе: Россия и другие бывшие республики СССР показывают разные темпы роста нефтедобычи // Взгляд. 2013, 21 мая. URL: http:// vz.ru/economy/2013/5/21/633610.html (дата обращения: 14.12.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gharehgozli O. (2017). An estimation of the economic cost of recent sanctions on Iran using the synthetic control method. Economics Letters, 157, 141–144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Славника М.В. Развитие нефтегазового комплекса СССР в 1960-1980-е гг.: большие победы и упущенные возможности // IX Международная конференция «Ломоносов-2002» / Московский государственный университета имени М.В. Ломоносова. М., 2002. С. 83-86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hufbauer G., Schott J., Elliott K. (1990). Economic Sanctions Reconsideration today and Current Policy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шибанова-Роенко Е.А., Гузнова А. Влияние энергетического кризиса 1973 года на экономику РФ // IV Международная студенческая электронная научная конференция «Студенческий научный форум - 2012». М., 2012. С. 102-103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilina E.V. (2015). Vlijanie sankcij na jekonomiku Rossii [Effect of Sanctions on Russian Economy]. The Review of Economy, the Law and Sociology, (4), 34–35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alnasrawi A. Iraq’s Burdens: Oil, Sanctions, and Underdevelopment // Greenwood press - 2002. London, 2002ю. Pp. 23-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang W., Perez de Gracia F., Ratti R.A. (2017). Oil price shocks, policy uncertainly, and stock returns of oil and gas corporations. Journal of International Money and Finance, (70), 344–359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagheri S., Akbarpour H.R. Reinvestigation of the West’s sanctions against Russia in the crisis of Ukraine and Russia’s reaction // Procedia Economics and Finance. 2016. No. 36. Pp. 89-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapustkin V.I., Margania O.L. (2008). Mirovoj rynok nefti i mezhdunarodnaja neftjanaja pro- myshlennost' [Global market of oil and international oil industry]. In N.A. Dobronra- vin, O.L. Marganiya (eds.), Oil, gas and society modernization (pp. 53–100). Saint Petersburg.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carter B.E. International Economic Sanction: improving the haphazard U.S. Legal Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 290 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaganov S. (2018). The new cold war and the emerging greater Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9(2). Pp. 85–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudlak T. After the sanctions: policy challenges in transition to a new political economy of the Iranian oil and gas sectors // Energy Policy. 2018. No. 121. Pp. 464-475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazankova E.R., Sudo M.M. (1998). Jenergeticheskie resursy. Neft' i prirodnyj gaz [Energy resourses. Oil and natural gas]. State of Russia in the Surrounding World, 1–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Emami K., Adibpoor M. Asymmetric Effects of Oil Prices Shocks on Production // Quarterly Journal of Economics Modeling. 2009. Vol. 3. No. 4. Pp. 1-26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malloy M.P. (1990). Economic Sanctions and U.S. Trade. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farzanegan M.R., Markwardt G. The effects of oil price shocks on the Iranian economy // Energy Economics. 2009. Vol. 31. No. 1. Pp. 134-151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasre Esfahani M., Rasoulnezhad E. (2017). Iran’s trade policy of Asianization and de-Euro- peanization under sanctions. Journal of Economic Studies, 44(4), 552–567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gharehgozli O. An estimation of the economic cost of recent sanctions on Iran using the synthetic control method // Economics letters. 2017. Vol. 157. Pp. 141-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raoofi H.R., Dejpasand F., Ansari M. (2009). Iranian Economy during Imposed War (p. 154). Tehran: Enghelab Islamic Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hufbauer G., Schott J., Elliott K. Economic Sanctions Reconsideration today and Current Policy. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1990. 248 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasoulinezhad E. (2015). Vlijanie mirovoj ceny na neft' na jekonomiku stran – jeksporterov nefti [Influence of world oil price on economies of oil-exporter countries]. Discussion, 6(58), 53–57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang W., Perez de Gracia F., Ratti R.A. Oil price shocks, policy uncertainly, and stock returns of oil and gas corporations // Journal of International Money and Finance. 2017. No. 70. Pp. 344-359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasoulinezhad E. (2017). Iran's Trade Modification Under Sanctions: An Evidence of Trade Divergence and Trade Convergence Through the Gravity Model. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 38(4), 25–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karaganov S. The new cold war and the emerging greater Eurasia // Journal of Eurasian Studies. 2018. Vol. 9. No. 2. Pp. 85-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasoulinezhad E., Buzari B. (2018). Tozhdestvennost' i razlichija antisankcionnyh jekonomik v Irane i Rossii [Similarities and Differences of Anti-Sanctions Economies in Iran and Russia]. Samara State University Journal, 9(4), 33–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malloy M.P. Economic Sanctions and U.S. Trade. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1990. 752 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salitskii A.L., Zhao X., Yurtaev V.I. (2017). Sanctions and import substitution as exemplified by the experience of Iran and China. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 87(2), 205–212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasre Esfahani M., Rasoulnezhad E. Iran’s trade policy of Asianization and de-Europeanization under sanctions // Journal of Economic Studies. 2017. Vol. 44. No. 4. Pp. 552- 567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samofalova O. (2013, 21 May). Otdelivshiesja v pljuse [Separated in positive territory]. Vzgliad. http://vz.ru/economy/2013/5/21/633610.html (accessed: 14.12.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pai P. Six countries that have faced severe economic sanctions // Tharawat Mazagine. 2015, 20 July. URL: https://www.tharawat-magazine.com/facts/6-countries-economic-sanctions/ #gs.21p27x (accessed: 18.03.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibanova-Roenko E.A., Guznova A. (2012). Vlijanie jenergeticheskogo krizisa 1973 goda na jekonomiku RF [The impact of the energy crisis of 1973 on the Russian economy]. Student conference “Scientific Forum – 2012” (pp. 102–103). Moscow.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raoofi H.R., Dejpasand F., Ansari M. Iranian Economy during Imposed War. Tehran: Enghelab Islamic Press, 2009. P. 154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slavnika M.V. (2002). Razvitie neftegazovogo kompleksa SSSR v 1960–1980-e gg.: Bol'shie pobedy i upushhennye vozmozhnosti [The development of the oil and gas complex of the USSR in the 1960–1980s: Big victories and missed opportunities]. IX Mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya “Lomonosov-2002” (pp. 83–86). Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasoulinezhad E. Iran's trade modification under sanctions: an evidence of trade divergence and trade convergence through the gravity model // Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. Vol. 38. No. 4. Pp. 25-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pai P. (2015, 20 July). Six countries that have faced severe economic sanctions. Tharawat Mazagine. https://www.tharawat-magazine.com/facts/6-countries-economic-sanctions/ #gs.21p27x (accessed: 18.03.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salitskii A.L., Zhao X., Yurtaev V.I. Sanctions and import substitution as exemplified by the experience of Iran and China // Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2017. Vol. 87. No. 2. Pp. 205-212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshiko M. Herrera. (2010). Mirrors of the Economy: National accounts and International Norms in Russia and beyond (pp. 137–172). USA: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshiko M. Herrera. Mirrors of the economy: national accounts and international norms in Russia and beyond. USA: Cornell University Press, 2010. Рp. 137-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahraei M. (1998). Economic sanctions from view to action. Foreign Policy, 11(1), 63–81. (In Persian.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahraei M. Economic sanctions from view to action // Foreign Policy. 1998. Vol. 11. No. 1. Pp. 63-81. (In Persian.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
