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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2310</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50493</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2310-2026-34-2-237-244</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PNEPQN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ecological and toxicological assessment of the effect of trifluralin on Paramecium caudatum</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эколого-токсикологическая оценка воздействия трифлуралина на Paramecium caudatum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1615-3665</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8329-6999</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyuzhnaya</surname><given-names>Olga D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжная</surname><given-names>Ольга Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student of the Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант департамента рационального природопользования, Институт экологии</p></bio><email>1142240104@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5771</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55948416400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5257-1556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polynova</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полынова</surname><given-names>Галина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD of Biological Science, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент, департамент рационального природопользования, Институт экологии</p></bio><email>polynova-gv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 34, NO2 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 34, №2 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>244</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kalyuzhnaya O.D., Polynova G.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Калюжная О.Д., Полынова Г.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kalyuzhnaya O.D., Polynova G.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Калюжная О.Д., Полынова Г.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/50493">https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/50493</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study is to assess the mechanisms of trifluralin’s effect on Paramecium caudatum . The problem of herbicide pollution in aquatic ecosystems is highly relevant today, as these substances enter water bodies from agricultural lands via groundwater and surface runoff. Trifluralin is a widely used herbicide that can enter aquatic ecosystems and pose a threat to aquatic organisms. During the experiment, the effect of trifluralin at concentrations of 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 and 25,0 mg/L on the survival and reproduction rate of ciliates was studied over 5 days. It was found that trifluralin exerts a statistically significant dose-dependent toxic effect on P. caudatum , starting from a concentration of 2,5 mg/L. At high concentrations (10,0 and 25,0 mg/L), acute toxicity effects (mortality and reduced motility) were observed, and on days 3-5, inhibition of reproductive function (a cytostatic effect) was noted. The concentration of 1,0 mg/L was considered non-effective, as it did not cause statistically significant differences compared to the control group. The results indicate that the mechanism of trifluralin’s toxic action on ciliates may be associated with the inhibition of cell division. Given the low solubility and potential persistence of trifluralin in water, its entry into water bodies may pose a long-term hazard to aquatic ecosystems. The obtained results can be used to predict the impact of trifluralin on the structure of aquatic ecosystems, where protozoa occupy a key position in the microbial loop and serve as a food source for many aquatic organisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования - оценка механизмов воздействия трифлуралина на Paramecium caudatum . Проблема загрязнения гербицидами водных экосистем достаточно актуальна на сегодняшний день, так как данные вещества попадают с сельскохозяйственных угодий с грунтовыми водами и поверхностным смывом в водоёмы. Трифлуралин является широко используемым гербицидом, который может попадать в водные экосистемы и представлять угрозу для гидробионтов. В ходе эксперимента изучалось влияние трифлуралина в концентрациях: 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 и 25,0 мг/л на выживаемость и скорость размножения инфузорий в течение 5 сут. Установлено, что трифлуралин оказывает статистически значимое дозозависимое токсическое действие на P. caudatum , начиная с концентрации 2,5 мг/л. При высоких концентрациях (10,0 и 25,0 мг/л) наблюдался эффект острой токсичности (гибель и снижение подвижности), а на 3-5-е сутки - подавление репродуктивной функции (цитостатический эффект). Концентрация 1,0 мг/л была признана недействующей, так как не вызывала статистически значимых отличий от контрольной группы. Результаты свидетельствуют о том, что механизм токсического действия трифлуралина на инфузорий может быть связан с ингибированием клеточного деления. Учитывая низкую растворимость и потенциальную стойкость трифлуралина в воде, его поступление в водоемы может представлять долговременную опасность для водных экосистем. Полученные результаты могут применяться для прогнозирования воздействия трифлуралина на структуру водных экосистем, где простейшие занимают ключевое положение в микробной петле и являются кормовой базой для многих гидробионтов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Announcement c.e.</kwd><kwd>herbicides</kwd><kwd>infusoria</kwd><kwd>toxic effect</kwd><kwd>threshold concentration</kwd><kwd>survival rate</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Анонс к.э.</kwd><kwd>гербициды</kwd><kwd>инфузории</kwd><kwd>токсическое действие</kwd><kwd>пороговая концентрация</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y, Hu M, Li A. Review of the occurrence of herbicides in environmental waters of Taihu Lake basin and its potential impact on submerged plants. 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