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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2310</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48725</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2310-2026-34-1-112-128</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YECZRP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of urban green space changes using Sentinel-2 data in Thai Binh city, Vietnam</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование изменений городских зеленых насаждений с использованием данных Sentinel-2 в городе Тхайбинь, Вьетнам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7371-173X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>Thanh Phong</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нгуен</surname><given-names>Тхань Фонг</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student, Institute of Environmental Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, Институт экологии</p></bio><email>thanhphong.dhtt@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-0780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parakhina</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парахина</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Rational nature management, Institute of Environmental Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент департамента рационального природопользования, Институт экологии</p></bio><email>parakhina-ea@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 34, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 34, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-05"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Nguyen T.P., Parakhina E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Нгуен Т.Ф., Парахина Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nguyen T.P., Parakhina E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нгуен Т.Ф., Парахина Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/48725">https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/48725</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Urban green spaces play a crucial role in regulating the environment, improving the quality of life, and contributing significantly to achieving the goals of sustainable urban development. However, the rapid pace of urbanization in recent years has led to substantial changes in land use, particularly a reduction in the area of vegetation and urban green zones. This study utilizes Sentinel-2 L2A satellite data, which offer advantages in spatial resolution and multitemporal observation capabilities. To complement information on vegetation conditions, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated. For the classification of major land-cover categories, including water bodies, vegetation, urban areas, and bare land, the Random Forest machine learning algorithm was applied. The analysis results show that urban green spaces in Thai Binh have undergone significant temporal changes, with urban expansion identified as the main factor contributing to the decline of vegetation cover. The findings provide a clear understanding of the development and degradation of urban greenery at the local level and have practical significance for management and planning. They contribute to forming sustainable urban development strategies that balance urban growth and environmental protection, applicable not only to Thai Binh but also to other cities in Vietnam.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Городские зеленые насаждения играют важнейшую роль в регулировании окружающей среды, повышении качества жизни населения и вносят значительный вклад в достижение целей устойчивого городского развития. Однако быстрые темпы урбани зации в последние годы вызвали существенные изменения в землепользовании, в частности сокращение площади зеленых насаждений и городских зеленых зон. В исследовании использованы спутниковые данные Sentinel-2 L2A, обладающие преимуществами пространственного разрешения и возможностью многовременных наблюдений. Для дополнения информации о состоянии растительного покрова был рассчитан индекс NDVI. Для классификации основных категорий объектов, включая водные поверхности, растительность, городские территории и открытые земли, применен алгоритм машинного обучения Random Forest. Результаты анализа показали, что городские зеленые насаждения в Тхайбине претерпели значительные изменения во времени, при этом главным фактором сокращения площади растительного покрова является расширение городской застройки. Полученные выводы не только дают четкое представление о развитии и деградации зеленых насаждений на местном уровне, но и имеют практическое значение для управления и планирования, способствуя формированию стратегий устойчивого городского развития, обеспечивающих баланс между ростом городов и охраной окружающей среды, применимых как для Тхайбина, так и для других городов Вьетнама.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>green areas of the city</kwd><kwd>remote sensing</kwd><kwd>satellite images</kwd><kwd>Random Forest</kwd><kwd>NDVI</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>зеленые зоны города</kwd><kwd>дистанционное зондирование</kwd><kwd>космические снимки</kwd><kwd>Random Forest</kwd><kwd>NDVI</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olivadese M, Dindo ML. Water, ecosystem services, and urban green spaces in the anthropocene. 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