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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2310</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48719</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2310-2026-34-1-7-25</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YVZFXM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bioaccumulation of bacteriophages T4 and RB43 in Unionidae mollusks: a comparative analysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоаккумуляция бактериофагов Т4 и RB43 в моллюсках Unionidae: сравнительный анализ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2361-8975</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6064-5938</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulavina</surname><given-names>Maria K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булавина</surname><given-names>Мария Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>ruffusramone@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-7967</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9748-7520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazipova</surname><given-names>Nafisa N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назипова</surname><given-names>Нафиса Наиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, Институт математических проблем биологии РАН</p></bio><email>nafisa.nazipova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0578-9963</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3598-9078</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zimin</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зимин</surname><given-names>Андрей Антонович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. in Biology, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, Институт биохимии и физиологии микроорганизмов им. Г.К. Скрябина РАН</p></bio><email>dr.zimin8@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и физиологии микроорганизмов им. Г.К. Скрябина РАН, Федеральный исследовательский центр Пущинский научный центр биологических исследований РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology Named After Academician E.I. Chazov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии имени академика Е.И. Чазова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Cardiology named after ac. V.N. Smirnov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной кардиологии им. ак. В.Н. Смирнова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт прикладной математики им. М.В. Келдыша Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 34, NO1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 34, №1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-05"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Bulavina M.K., Nazipova N.N., Zimin A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Булавина М.К., Назипова Н.Н., Зимин А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bulavina M.K., Nazipova N.N., Zimin A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Булавина М.К., Назипова Н.Н., Зимин А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/48719">https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/48719</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The relevance of this study stems from the need to understand the role of bivalve mollusks as natural reservoirs of viral particles in aquatic ecosystems. The problem lies in the insufficient knowledge of the mechanisms behind the selective bioaccumulation of bacteriopha ges by mollusks and its ecological consequences. The aim of this work was a comparative study of the accumulation kinetics of bacteriophages T4 (genus Tequatrovirus) and RB43 (genus Pseudotevenvirus) in the freshwater mollusks Unio pictorum and Anodonta cygnea, and to identify the molecular basis for the differences in this process. During the experiments, a comparative analysis of the phage titer dynamics in the environment was conducted, revealing fundamentally different strategies in their interaction with the mollusk and the surrounding water. It was established that bacteriophage T4 actively replicates and is firmly sorbed within the mollusk, whereas RB43 demonstrates weak adhesion to the filtration apparatus and is subject to constant migration back into the environment. A correlation was found between these differences and the structure of their capsid proteins: T4 exposes 8.6 times more Ig-like domains (via the Hoc protein) than RB43 (via the Wac protein). This presumably determines the efficiency of binding to mollusk mucus mucin and, consequently, the retention within the mollusk’s body. The scientific significance of the work lies in discovering the dependence of bioaccumulation on the presence of specific Ig-like domains in the decorating proteins of phages, which expands the fundamental understanding of the evolution and ecological differentiation of bacterial viruses. The practical significance is related to the fact that phage RB43, unlike T4, is an efficient transducer of antibiotic resistance genes. The weak sorption of RB43 in mollusks and its constant migration could facilitate the widespread dissemination of resistance plasmids in aquatic environments. Prospects for further research involve studying the role of mollusks as an ecological niche that promotes the bacteriophage-mediated horizontal gene transfer between bacteria.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью понимания роли двустворчатых моллюсков как естественных резервуаров вирусных частиц в водных экосистемах. Проблема заключается в недостаточной изученности механизмов избирательной биоаккумуляции бактериофагов моллюсками и ее экологических последствий. Цель работы - сравнительное исследование кинетики накопления бактериофагов Т4 (род Tequatrovirus) и RB43 (род Pseudotevenvirus) в пресноводных моллюсках Unio pictorum и Anodonta cygnea и выявление молекулярного обоснования различий этого процесса. В ходе экспериментов проведен сравнительный анализ динамики титра фагов в среде, который показал принципиально разные стратегии их взаимодействия с моллюском и средой. Установлено, что бактериофаг Т4 активно реплицируется и прочно сорбируется в моллюске, тогда как RB43 демонстрирует слабую адгезию к фильтрационному аппарату и подвержен постоянной миграции обратно в среду. Выявлена корреляция этих различий со структурой капсидных белков: Т4 экспонирует в 8,6 раза больше Ig-подобных доменов (за счет белка Нос), чем RB43 (за счет белка Wac), что предположительно определяет эффективность связывания с муцином слизи моллюска и соответственно удержания в организме моллюска. Научная значимость работы заключается в обнаружении зависимости биоаккумуляции от наличия специфических Ig-подобных доменов в декорирующих белках фагов, что расширяет фундаментальные представления об эволюции и экологической дифференциации вирусов бактерий. Практическая значимость связана с тем, что фаг RB43, в отличие от Т4, является эффективным трансдьюсером генов антибиотикорезистентности. Слабая сорбция RB43 в моллюске и его постоянная миграция могут способствовать широкому распространению плазмид резистентности в водной среде. Перспективы дальнейших исследований заключаются в изучении роли моллюсков как экологической ниши, способствующей горизонтальному переносу генов между бактериями при посредничестве бактериофагов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bacteriophages T4 and RB43</kwd><kwd>bioaccumulation</kwd><kwd>bivalve mollusks</kwd><kwd>Unio pictorum</kwd><kwd>Anodonta cygnea</kwd><kwd>Hoc and Wac proteins</kwd><kwd>mucin</kwd><kwd>Ig-like domains</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двустворчатые моллюски</kwd><kwd>Unio pictorum</kwd><kwd>Anodonta cygnea</kwd><kwd>белок Hoc и Wac</kwd><kwd>муцин</kwd><kwd>Ig-подобные домены</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-26-00205, https://rscf.ru/project/24-26-00205/</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation No. 24-26-00205, https://rscf.ru/project/24-26-00205/</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voigt E, Rall BC, Chatzinotas A, Brose U, Rosenbaum B. 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