<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2310</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8919</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17183</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2310-2017-25-2-195-205</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER - AUTHOR OF THE FIRST GRAPHIC FOOD CHAINS SCHEME</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПИТЕР БРЕЙГЕЛЬ СТАРШИЙ - АВТОР ПЕРВОЙ ГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ СХЕМЫ ЦЕПЕЙ ПИТАНИЯ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikol’skii</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никольский</surname><given-names>А А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolsky Alexander Alexandrovich - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor; Professor of the Department of System Ecology of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никольский Александр Александрович - доктор биологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры системной экологии Российского университета дружбы народов.</p></bio><email>nikolskiy_aa@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikodina</surname><given-names>E V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Микодина</surname><given-names>Е В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikodina Ekaterina Viktorovna - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor. Head of the postgraduate department of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Микодина Екатерина Викторовна - доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая отделом аспирантуры Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института рыбного хозяйства и океанографии.</p></bio><email>mikodina@vniro.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vanisova</surname><given-names>E A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванисова</surname><given-names>Е А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vanisova Elena Aleksandrovna - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of System Ecology, Faculty of Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Phone: +7 (495) 952-89-01, 8-916-141-39-57.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ванисова Елена Александровна - кандидат биологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры системной экологии экологического факультета Российского университета дружбы народов.</p></bio><email>vanisova_ea@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 25, NO2 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 25, №2 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Nikol’skii A.A., Mikodina E.V., Vanisova E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Никольский А.А., Микодина Е.В., Ванисова Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikol’skii A.A., Mikodina E.V., Vanisova E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никольский А.А., Микодина Е.В., Ванисова Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/17183">https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/17183</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The drawing of Netherlandish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder “The Big Fish Eat the Little Fish” reflects perhaps not political allusions, as it is interpreted in the history of art, but a graphic food-chains scheme. It is possible that the picture engraving, stored in the British Museum, has influenced the creation of the food-chains concept by British ecologists Johnstone [1], Hardy [2] and Elton [3]. The taxonomic attachment of organisms depicted in the drawing has been determined.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рисунок голландского художника Питера Брейгеля Старшего «Большая рыба ест мелкую рыбу», возможно, отображает не политическую аллюзию, как трактуют в истории искусства, а графическую схему цепей питания. Не исключено, что на создание концепции цепей питания британскими экологами Джонстоуном [1], Харди [2] и Элтоном [3] повлияла гравюра рисунка, хранящаяся в Британском музее. Определена таксономическая принадлежность организмов, изображенных на рисунке.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pieter Bruegel the Elder</kwd><kwd>“The Big Fish Eat the Little Fish”</kwd><kwd>food-chains</kwd><kwd>food-nets</kwd><kwd>trophoecology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Питер Брейгель Старший</kwd><kwd>«Большая рыба ест мелкую рыбу»</kwd><kwd>цепи пита-ния</kwd><kwd>сети питания</kwd><kwd>трофоэкология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnstone J. Condition soflife in the sea. A short account of quantitative marine biological research. Cambrige: The Univ. Press, 1908. 332 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10734</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnstone J. Conditions of life in the sea. A short account of quantitative marine biological research. Cambrige: The Univ. Press, 1908. 332 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardy A.C. The herring in relation to its animate environment. Part I. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations. 1924. Issue 2. Vol. 7(3). P. 1—39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardy A.C. The herring in relation to its animate environment. Part I // Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fishery Investigations. 1924. Ser. 2. Vol. 7. № 3. P. 1-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elton Ch. Animal ecology. N.Y.: Macmillan Co, 1927. 207 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elton Ch. Animal ecology. N.Y.: Macmillan Co, 1927. 207 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sellink M. Bruegel: The Complete Paintings, Drawings and Prints. The Classical Art Series. Ghent: Ludion Press, 2007. 302 p. https://doi.org/10.1353/ren.0.0162</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sellink M. Bruegel: The Complete Paintings, Drawings and Prints. The Classical Art Series. Ghent: Ludion Press, 2007. 302 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Roberts-Jones Ph., Roberts-Jones F. Bruegel. Flammarion, S.A., Paris, 2012. 352 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotel’nikova T.M. Brejgel’ [Bruegel]. Moscow: ОLМА Media grupp, 2010. 120 p. (Galereja geniev). (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котельникова Т.М. Брейгель. М.: ОЛМА Медиа групп, 2010. 120 с. (Галерея гениев).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">B’janko D. Brejgel’. Sokrovishhnica mirovyh shedevrov. Мoscow: АО BММ, 2012. 160 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бьянко Д. Брейгель. Сокровищница мировых шедевров. М.: АО БММ, 2012. 160 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gumbol’dt A. Geografija rastenij. Мoscow-Leningrad: Sel’hozgiz, 1936. 230 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гумбольдт А. География растений. М.-Л.: Сельхозгиз, 1936. 230 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikol’skii А.А. The great ideas of the great ecologists: history of key concepts in ecology. Moscow: GЕОS, 2014. 190 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никольский А.А. Великие идеи великих экологов: история ключевых концепций в экологии. М.: ГЕОС, 2014. 190 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelford V.E. Animal communities in temperate America, as illustrated in the Chicago region; a study in animal ecology. The geographic society if Chicago. Bulletin. № 5. Chicago: The Univ. Chicago Press, 1913. 362 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7231</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shelford V.E. Animal communities in temperate America, as illustrated in the Chicago region; a study in animal ecology. The geographic society of Chicago. Bulletin. № 5. Chicago: The Univ. Chicago Press, 1913. 362 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orenstein N.M., editor. Pieter Bruegel the Elder: drawings and prints. Second printing, 2003. 323 p. https://doi.org/10.2307/20061406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orenstein N.M., editor. Pieter Bruegel the Elder: drawings and prints. Second printing, 2003. 323 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Summerhayes V.S., Elton C.S. Contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Journal of Ecology. 1923. Vol. 11(2). P. 214—286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Summerhayes V.S., Elton C.S. Contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen and Bear Island // Journal of Ecology. 1923. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 214-286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haeckel E. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Bd. 1, 2. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer; 1866. 574, 462 s. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3953</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haeckel E. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Bd. 1, 2. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer, 1866. 574. 462 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volodin V.A., editor. Jenciklopedija dlja detej. Vol. 19. Ecology. Moscow: Avanta+, 2001. 448 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Энциклопедия для детей. Т. 19. Экология / Глав. ред. В.А. Володин. М.: Аванта+, 2001. 448 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The British Museum. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1335366&amp;partId=1 (accessed: Oct 10, 2016).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The British Museum. [Интернет]. URL: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_ online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1335366&amp;partId=1 (дата обращения: 10.10.2016).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nel’son D.S. Ryby mirovoj fauny. Moscow: Book house “LIBROKOM”, 2009. 880 p. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нельсон Д.С. Рыбы мировой фауны. М.: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2009. 880 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
