Analysis of the potential for the use of artificial peat soil based on oil sludge
- Authors: Ilchenko A.A.1, Semyantseva P.K.2
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Affiliations:
- Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
- РГУ нефти и газа(НИУ) имени И.М.Губкина
- Issue: Vol 32, No 4 (2024)
- Section: Environmetal defence
- URL: https://journals.rudn.ru/ecology/article/view/37568
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Abstract
In the course of this study, experiments were carried out to assess the potential of using artificial peat soil obtained from oil sludge in various fields. The main purpose of the research was to analyze its applicability in the construction of road and industrial facilities, as well as in the elimination and reclamation of municipal solid waste landfills and use for agricultural purposes.
First of all, the physicochemical properties of artificial peat soil were studied, such as its density, humidity, organic matter content, as well as the concentration of heavy metals and other harmful substances present in oil sludge.
As a result of the research, data were obtained to assess the potential of using artificial peat soil created from oil sludge in various fields. These findings may be useful for the development of new methods of construction, environmental cleaning and agricultural production.
Full Text
Introduction
The fuel industry is one of the key sectors of the national economy in the world and largely determines the economy, social policy and the state of the environment. Oil and gas companies provide the necessary fuel for transportation, energy production and heating, as well as for other fields of activity. They create jobs and generate significant revenues for the state. However, there are negative consequences. The development of minerals has a serious impact on the natural environment. At the same time, the strongest influence on the state of the hydrosphere, atmosphere and soil is caused not by the extraction, processing or transport of hydrocarbons itself, but by their waste – oil sludge[4].
Oil sludge is waste generated as a result of the extraction, processing and use of oil and petroleum products. They contain harmful substances such as heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, salts and other chemical compounds. The impact of oil sludge on the environment can be serious. When entering water systems, oil sludge pollutes surface and groundwater, which negatively affects fish and other aquatic organisms. This can lead to the extinction of some species and disruption of the ecosystem. In addition, polluted water becomes unsuitable for use in agriculture and drinking water supply. Oil sludge can also cause significant damage to the atmosphere, especially if a thermal method of their neutralization is used. The combustion of oil sludge releases toxic gases such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, as well as hydrocarbons, which are important contributors to the greenhouse effect and air pollution. As a result, there are problems with atmospheric pollution and climate change. The soil is also adversely affected by oil sludge waste. The ingress of these pollutants into the soil can lead to its degradation and deterioration of fertility. Some substances can be absorbed by plants and enter the food chain, which can pose a danger to living organisms, including humans.
Thus, oil sludge waste is becoming a serious problem for the environment. To minimize the negative impact, it is necessary to develop and apply effective methods for the disposal and purification of such waste, as well as strictly control their storage and transportation. Such measures will help to reduce negative consequences and preserve the natural environment for future generations [3].
Despite the availability of technologies and enterprises engaged in their processing, the volume of waste generated is still significant. Work in this area includes the development of effective and environmentally friendly disposal methods, strict control of emissions and spills, as well as encouraging the use of recycled materials. Over 500 thousand tons of waste are generated annually in the Russian Federation, and the total amount of waste in slurry barns in 2022 is 4.5 million tons. Their formation occurs during the exploitation of oil fields due to:
1. Discharges during oil treatment;
2. Discharges during cleaning of oil tanks;
3. Oil-containing flushing liquids used in drilling operations;
4. Discharges during well testing and overhaul;
5. Emergency spills during oil production and transportation. [6, 7]
However, oil sludge can also be used as secondary raw materials. Their processing and disposal allows the extraction of valuable components such as petroleum coke, bitumen, carbon materials and other products. In addition, the processing of oil sludge helps to reduce harmful effects on the environment. Untreated oil sludge can lead to soil, water and air pollution, as well as negatively affect human and animal health. The recycling process allows you to reduce the concentration of harmful substances and dispose of them in a safe manner
Unfortunately, it is currently not possible to determine with absolute certainty an environmentally friendly, economically sound and resource-saving method for processing oily waste. In each case, it depends on the chemical composition of the oil sludge, the duration of its storage, the amount of mechanical impurities and other factors. The relevance of this problem is determined not only by the need to improve the environmental situation, but also by economic aspects, since with proper processing oil sludge can serve as a secondary source of valuable petroleum products.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the potential of using artificial peat soil in the construction of roads and industrial sites, reclamation and dumping of landfills, in agriculture and horticulture.
Research objectives:
1. Identify the disadvantages of using slurry barns;
2. To study the physical and chemical characteristics of artificial peat soil;
3. To assess the applicability of artificial soil in various fields of the economy
Materials and methods
A sample of artificial peat soil created from oil sludge weighing 3 kg was taken as the object of the study.
The paper uses theoretical and practical research methods, namely:
1. Literary review:
Study of scientific articles, publications and reports related to the use of oil sludge and artificial peat soil.
Study of existing research in the field of oil sludge utilization and the use of artificial peat soil in various industries (for example, in agriculture, urban landscaping, remediation of contaminated sites).
2. Collection and processing of oil sludge samples:
Sampling of artificial peat soil and its transportation to the laboratory
- Study of the physico-chemical properties of artificial peat soil (for example, humidity, density, organic matter content).
3. Assessment of the potential for the use of artificial peat soil:
- Conducting laboratory tests of artificial peat soil to determine its fertilizing properties.
- Determination of the degree of impact of artificial peat on the growth and development of plants (for example, when growing crops).
- Assessment of the effectiveness of the use of artificial peat in various sectors of the economy.
Results and discussion
In the modern world, there are several methods for the elimination, disposal or neutralization of oil sludge. One of these methods is the accumulation of oil sludge in special containers called sludge accumulators, followed by purification or incineration. Oil sludge treatment is carried out using various technologies, for example, mechanical, physico-chemical or biological treatment. Mechanical cleaning includes filtration, separation and settling to remove large particles and water. Physico-chemical purification is based on the use of chemical reagents and physical processes such as flotation, adsorption and demulsification to remove organic and inorganic contaminants. Biological purification is based on the use of microorganisms for the biological decomposition of oil sludge. Oil sludge incineration is an effective method that is used for the neutralization and disposal of oil sludge. However, this method can have a negative impact on the environment due to the release of harmful substances and the release of polluted gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, when burning oil sludge, special gas purification and treatment systems are usually used to minimize negative impacts.
One of the disadvantages of storing drilling waste in sludge collectors is that this technique does not eliminate the problem of the very existence of waste. Although sludge collectors can temporarily hold drilling waste, they do not provide an effective solution for its complete disposal or recycling. This can lead to the accumulation of waste for a long time, which has a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, sludge accumulators can be subject to various damages, collapses or leaks, which can lead to contamination of soil, water and the environment. In addition, the storage of drilling waste in sludge accumulators requires constant monitoring and careful maintenance to prevent such possible problems. It is important to note that the storage of waste in sludge collectors is a temporary solution. In addition, violations in waste storage are very often observed in practice, environmental standards are not observed, for example, a protective layer of soil has not been created, which prevents the penetration of pollutants into the soil or groundwater. This layer must be at least as thick as specified by regulations and have certain properties to minimize the risk of contamination. In addition, it is necessary to conduct regular inspections of sludge collectors in order to identify possible violations and take measures to eliminate them. This will help prevent the spread of pollution and reduce the impact of waste storage on the environment. In the long term, it is necessary to find more sustainable and effective methods for managing drilling waste, such as recycling, disposal or reinjection back into the well. These methods can be more environmentally friendly and sustainable in terms of waste management.
The authors have compiled a SWOT analysis of the method of using sludge accumulators. During its implementation, it was revealed that existing methods of storing oil sludge require the use of more rational methods (see Figure 1). SWOT analysis is a useful tool for evaluating methods of oil sludge disposal and helps to make informed decisions based on their characteristics and potential.
Fig.1. SWOT analysis of the use of sludge accumulators
Another promising method of eliminating oil sludge, according to the authors, is their injection into specially equipped wells. This method is usually used in combination with other methods, for example, with the purification or stabilization of oil sludge before injection. The injection process consists in the fact that oil sludge is transferred under pressure through a special pipeline system and injected into wells at a certain depth. Wells for this purpose are prepared taking into account the geological and engineering characteristics of the field and the composition of oil sludge. The use of specially equipped wells ensures reliable and safe retention of oil sludge inside the earth's crust. This method has a number of advantages. Firstly, it allows to isolate oil sludge from surface water resources and soil, preventing their further contamination. Secondly, it is an effective way to dispose of large volumes of oil sludge, which reduces their impact on the environment. Thirdly, it is reliable and safe enough, preventing the possibility of leakage and spill of oil sludge. However, it should be noted that the application of this method requires a detailed study of the geological, hydrodynamic and chemical features of the field and oil sludge. It is also necessary to take into account local environmental requirements and legislation in order to ensure safety and minimize potential risks to the environment and human health
In this article, it is the recycling method that is considered - the creation of various materials from oil sludge. One of the main products of production is technical carbon fiber. This material has high strength and rigidity, while being lightweight and heat-resistant. However, this is not the only material recycled from this type of waste. The experience of creating artificial peat soil from oil sludge, which belongs to the 4-5 hazard category, becomes interesting and unique. Due to the processing of drilling waste and the addition of milling top peat (sphagnum) to them of a low degree of decomposition (which causes organic inclusions such as pieces of wood, roots and plant fibers to appear in the soil), a soil with a 4-5 category is formed with the possibility of its further use for the construction and strengthening of roads of industrial sites, reclamation of landfills and their refills. A sample of the above-described peat was selected from artificially created dumps (see Fig.2) by the authors and delivered to the laboratory for research. The composition of the soil is diverse, it includes petroleum products, chlorides, spent drilling fluids, and drilling wastewater, as well as heavy metals and many other substances that do not exceed their maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for soils.
Fig.2. Dumps of artificial peat soil. Photo by P.K. Semyantseva
In the work, the physico-chemical characteristics of the above-mentioned soil were studied... Initially, the following soil properties were considered: structure, humidity, stability, organic matter content, the presence of neoplasms and inclusions.
The structure of the soil is of great importance in construction. Proper understanding and consideration of the soil structure allows you to build more durable and stable structures. The influence of soil on construction may be related to the following factors:
1. Bearing capacity: Different types of soil have different characteristics of bearing capacity. For example, sandy soil usually has a high bearing capacity, while clay soil may be less stable. Understanding this allows engineers to determine the necessary measures to strengthen the soil or make a decision to avoid construction on an unsuitable site.
2. Drainage and drainage: The structure of the soil may affect the ability of the soil to pass water or to accumulate moisture. This is an important aspect in the construction of foundations, pipelines and other structures. Improper drainage system or the presence of aquifers can lead to problems with humidity or flooding of structures.
3. Stability: Some soils may be unstable, especially on slopes or when exposed to disturbing factors such as earthquakes or temperature changes. A preliminary study of the soil structure makes it possible to prevent possible hazards and provide additional strengthening measures.
4. Impact on construction: Different types of soil require different construction methods and materials. For example, when building on clay soil, it may be necessary to use piles to provide the necessary support. Otherwise, the soil may shrink and cause damage to the building.
In general, the structure of the soil is an essential aspect in the design and construction, so it is necessary to pay attention to it and conduct all necessary studies before starting work. When determining the soil structure according to the classification according to S.A. Zakharov, used for natural soils: the object has an irregular rounded shape, uneven rounded and rough faults are observed on its surface, and its edges are not pronounced, the particle size is 10-3 mm, therefore, the soil structure is coarse. The data obtained do not make it possible to assess the capabilities of the studied soil in general. A lumpy structure can have positive and negative sides:
1. Lumpy structure may indicate high soil density. This can be a positive factor in construction, since dense soil usually has good load-bearing capacity. However, it may also require the use of special techniques or techniques for soil retention and treatment.
2. The lumpy structure of the soil may also indicate the presence of organic materials or impurities, such as plant roots or debris. This can potentially negatively affect construction, as they can cause shrinkage or heterogeneity in the ground, which can affect the stability of the structure.
Next, the humidity and stability of the sample were investigated. Soil moisture plays an important role in construction. Soil moisture can affect its properties, such as its density, stability and soil tension. If the soil is too dry, it can easily collapse or not give the necessary support to building structures. On the other hand, too wet soil can cause instability and shrinkage of constructed facilities. The studied soil has a high humidity (the quantitative value could not be fixed), during the experiment, subject to the rules for drying soil samples, this object was dried for about 5 days. The selected soil sample after 5 months in the laboratory still has a high humidity index. The studied soil was created specifically for use as a building material. The categories of lands on which the application of the studied soil is possible include: lands of industry, energy, transport, communications, radio broadcasting, television, computer science, lands for space activities, lands of defense, security and lands of other special purpose. [1] However, during experiments in the field, it was found out that this material does not freeze at subzero temperatures, and even weeds do not grow on it at positive temperatures, in addition to this, it can contain up to 85% water, which raises questions about its reliability as a building material. In addition, an analysis of the content of organic constituents in the soil was carried out. Organic matter in the soil plays the role of a complex source of nutrients for plants. The detected amount of organic matter (about 60%) is a fairly high indicator and indicates a relatively fertile soil. However, it is necessary to take into account the quality of organic matter, as it can be of different types and contain different nutrients. Since the object was created artificially, no neoplasms involved in soil-forming processes were found in it. However, a huge number of inclusions of biological origin have been found - the remains of roots, stems, and trunks of plants. The process of working in the laboratory is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Study of the physical properties of artificial peat soil in the laboratory
Further, studies of the chemical properties of the soil and the use of soil extraction were carried out. The pH meter data showed fairly high pH values of 7.8, this value exceeds the generally accepted standard. For example, lowland peats are slightly acidic or neutral (pH = 6-7), while top peats, on the contrary, are characterized by increased acidity (pH =02-4). Peat usually has an acidic environment with a pH value below 7. However, in this case, peat can be treated or influenced by other factors that have increased its pH. This may be caused, for example, by exposure to mineral additives or other materials during the production or processing of peat. This can be important when using peat for certain agricultural or horticultural purposes, as many plants prefer an acidic environment.
Reactions in the soil extract to nickel and copper are not observed, which indicates their relatively low content in the soil or their complete absence. A small lead content was detected, but within the MPC. The value of the soda content, measured in mg/l, assumes the total amount of impurities dissolved in water. The conductometer showed a value of 2000 mg / l, however, this is not the limit for the studied water extract, since this value is simply the maximum for the device used, which was measured. At the same time, it is worth focusing on the relationship of elevated pH with highly elevated salinity in the context of chemical equilibrium. oda interacts with salt compounds, decomposing them into ions. If the salt content in the solution is greatly increased, then the amount of ions released will also be high. This leads to an increase in the concentration of released hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution. Hydroxide ions are the bases and can increase the pH of the solution. Therefore, a highly elevated salt content in the solution can lead to an increase in pH. However, it is important to note that other factors, such as buffer systems or the presence of acids, can also affect the pH of the solution. Therefore, although an increased salt content may contribute to an increase in pH, it may not be the only reason.
One of the main characteristics of the soil/soil is its electrical conductivity (EC). The method of measuring electrical conductivity is based on the ability of salts to conduct electric current. Therefore, the EU determines the concentration of dissolved salts in the soil solution. The higher the EC value, the easier it is for the current to flow through the soil, due to the increased concentration of salts. The EC value also depends on soil moisture, water phase state, temperature, density, granulometric composition and other factors. The conductometer recorded electrical conductivity values of 3999 microns/cm. The specified value is also the maximum for this device. The high electrical conductivity of soils indicates, precisely, the presence of a large amount of dissolved salts or minerals in the soil. High electrical conductivity may also indicate contamination of the soil with chemical compounds or the presence of metals. It is important to note that high electrical conductivity may be undesirable for plant growth, as it can lead to leaching of nutrients from the soil and create unfavorable conditions for plant development. Electrical conductivity affects the rate of nutrient supply to plants - the higher the EU, the higher the concentration of salts in the soil, which makes it difficult for plants to absorb water. At a very high concentration of salts, water leaves the plant and enters the nutrient solution, which can lead to the death of the plant. Thus, the EU is critically important for making the right decisions in agronomy. This soil parameter influences the choice of crops and the determination of the required variety, taking into account the level of salinity present in the soil. Knowing the salinity level of the soil, it is possible to make decisions on cultivation, field size and irrigation measures. The process of measuring the chemical characteristics and the test sample is shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 4. Investigation of the chemical properties of artificial peat soil
The results of the laboratory study are shown in Table No.1.
Table No. 1. The results of the laboratory study
Substance MPC Analysis
Lead (mg/kg) 100 130.0
Copper (mg/kg) 0 132.0
Nickel (mg/kg ) 0 80.0
Ph 7,8 <5,5
Mineralization (g/l) 2000 <500
Electrical conductivity (mcm/cm) 3999 <1000
During the study of artificial soil, an experiment was also conducted on the cultivation of flax, in order to confirm the most important indicator - fertility. The plants were not chosen by chance:
1. Flax is a phytoremediator plant, that is, capable of purifying the soil from pollutants. It can absorb and accumulate harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides and other impurities in its roots and stems, and improve soil quality.
2. Flax grows quickly and has a short development cycle, which allows it to be quickly installed in polluted soil. It can be grown in the shortest possible time and used to assess the effectiveness of soil rehabilitation in polluted areas.
3. Pollution resistance: Flax has a high tolerance to pollutants in the soil, such as heavy metals. This makes it suitable for growing in areas that may contain high concentrations of harmful substances.
4. Versatility of use: Flax can be used in various conditions and climatic zones, which makes it an attractive choice for experiments on remediation of contaminated soils.
To begin with, 3 containers were taken and filled with chernozem, chernozem and peat soil 1/1 and peat soil, respectively. Further, each of these containers was moistened with distilled water. 35 flax seeds were planted in each container. Three days later, the first shoots appeared (only in a container with chernozem). After another 3 days, 28 seeds germinated in the same container, and flax did not germinate in the other two. The experiment was repeated three times, the result was identical to the first one each time (see Fig. 5).
Fig.5. Soil examination for fertile properties.
Due to the high levels of salinity/mineralization obtained during the experiment, the fact of the inability of plants to survive in this type of soil becomes quite obvious. Increased soil mineralization can negatively affect the nitrogen cycle in nature. Usually, nitrogen contained in organic forms is converted into ammonia (ammonification), and then into nitrites and nitrates (nitrification). However, with strong mineralization, these processes can be interrupted or slowed down. All this can lead to an imbalance in the nitrogen concentration in the soil. Therefore, in order to maintain soil fertility and nitrogen cycling, it is important to control mineralization and ensure an adequate amount of organic material in the soil. This balance can be achieved by using fertilizers, increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, reducing pollution and other agrotechnical measures [5]. The authors do not exclude the possibility of using this soil in growing plants with a smaller proportion of the studied sample, however, the obtained high rates of electrical conductivity and mineralization require a more in-depth specialized laboratory study for the possibility of safe use of artificial peat both for the environment and for humans as a whole.
The use of peat soil for the reclamation of MSW landfills can be an important step in restoring soil fertility. However, the formation of a natural fertile layer will take a significant amount of time. The rate of formation of a fertile layer depends on many factors, including the composition and quality of the peat soil used, climatic conditions, as well as the activity of microorganisms and other factors of decomposition of organic material. Rough estimates indicate that it may take at least 100 years for 1 cm of natural fertile layer to form. This may vary depending on the conditions and decomposition processes. However, due to the increased humidity of the test sample, microbiological soil formation is questionable, since it is unlikely that after even a long period of time such as 50-100 years, soil-forming microorganisms will appear in this soil. In addition, according to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 800 dated 07/10/2018 "On land reclamation and conservation", a landfill is considered reclaimed only if landscaping was carried out on its territory at the stage of biological reclamation and natural soil formation processes were launched, which cannot be done with the use of this artificial peat soil. Thus, the present study allowed us to confirm that the soil created from neutralized oil sludge is not suitable for the stated purposes, such as reclamation, since no vegetation takes root on it.
According to GOST 25100-95, man-made soils are classified separately from natural soils, and their properties and characteristics may differ. Man-made soil, as created and modified by man, has its own characteristics in comparison with natural soils. It may contain a highly modified structure and composition, which affects its physical properties. A dispersed bonded soil is a soil in which the particles have low overall adhesion and form weak bonds with each other. Because of this, it does not have high strength and is unable to withstand heavy loads and stretching. Capillary water contained in the soil forms weak molecular bonds, which can also reduce its strength. According to the initial documentation, the studied soil belongs to dispersed bonded, which means it is not able to withstand heavy loads and strains, since capillary water in its composition forms weak molecular bonds. [2] Man-made soil is often used for sprinkling roads and construction, reclamation and dumping of MSW waste at landfills, however, there is one important property of the material - it should not swell or swell, which is completely unusual for the studied artificial peat soil. Since it, like natural peat, has a high degree of water resistance and the ability to retain moisture, and therefore constantly swells and is not suitable for use for its intended purpose (GOST 25100-95). Such a property can be dangerous and undesirable when used for sprinkling roads and construction, as well as for reclamation and dumping of MSW waste at landfills. Swelling and swelling can lead to significant problems with the stability and durability of such structures, as well as affect the quality of landfills [5].
During the experiments, it was not possible to establish the applicability of this soil. The chemical properties of artificial soil do not ensure its suitability for agricultural use. The physical properties of the soil, due to its high humidity, do not allow it to be used in construction due to doubts about its stability.
Conclusion
The processing and disposal of oil sludge are important measures that allow the use of secondary raw materials and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Proper management of oily waste contributes to the sustainable development of the oil and gas industry and ensures a more environmentally friendly future.
Proper management of oily waste is essential for the sustainable development of the oil and gas industry and ensures a more environmentally friendly future. This reduces the risk of contamination of soil, water resources and the atmosphere, as well as reduce the negative impact on biological diversity and human health.
Various technologies and methods are used in the process of processing and disposal of oil sludge. For example, mechanical and chemical cleaning can remove impurities and separate valuable components for later use. Thermal processing, such as pyrolysis, makes it possible to turn oil sludge into useful products such as fuel and coal.
However, it should be noted that the processing and disposal of oil sludge are complex processes that require careful monitoring and compliance with strict environmental standards. This includes proper storage, transportation, handling and disposal of waste, as well as monitoring compliance during the entire process.
Increasingly stringent requirements and regulations aimed at protecting the environment are stimulating the development of new technologies and innovations in the field of oil sludge processing and disposal. The promotion of more efficient and environmentally friendly waste management methods helps to minimize their negative impact on the environment and contributes to the sustainable development of the oil and gas industry.
The most important property of any peat is to improve soil quality and increase fertility. Due to the high content of organic matter, peat soil is able to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, increasing its fertility and the efficiency of the use of water and nutrients by plants. However, additional research is needed to determine the optimal conditions for the use of artificial peat soil, its impact on the environment and possible contraindications. In general, the use of artificial peat soil based on oil sludge seems to be a promising and important step in solving environmental problems and increasing the sustainability of agriculture.
The idea of creating artificial peat soil from oil sludge really has the potential to be environmentally and economically effective. Instead of traditional peat extraction, which is a long-lasting process and can have negative consequences for the ecosystem, the use of oil sludge can provide a more sustainable alternative.
Peat soil is an important component in agriculture and horticulture, as it has a good ability to retain moisture and contains essential nutrients for plants. The creation of artificial peat soil from oil sludge can help reduce the need for traditional peat, which can have a positive effect on the environment. However, before using artificial peat soil from oil sludge, the authors re-emphasize the need to conduct research and testing to ensure its safety and effectiveness. It is also worth considering the potential negative consequences of using oil sludge in agriculture, such as soil contamination or the dissolution of toxic substances into plant crops.
Thus, the creation of artificial peat soil from oil sludge can be one of the steps towards sustainable development, ensuring waste disposal and improving environmental efficiency not only in industry, but also in agriculture and forestry.
About the authors
Angela Askhatovna Ilchenko
Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
Author for correspondence.
Email: anjela-husainova@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-7155-2909
Senior Lecturer of the Department of Geoecology
Russian FederationPolina Kirillovna Semyantseva
РГУ нефти и газа(НИУ) имени И.М.Губкина
Email: s.polina2015@mail.ru
студент, кафедра геоэкологии
Russian FederationReferences
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