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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Contemporary Mathematics. Fundamental Directions</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Contemporary Mathematics. Fundamental Directions</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современная математика. Фундаментальные направления</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2413-3639</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-0618</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">43905</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2413-3639-2025-71-1-33-54</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TPUIIY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Splines, biharmonic operator and approximate eigenvalue</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сплайны, бигармонический оператор и приближенное собственное значение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ben-Artzi</surname><given-names>Matania</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бен-Арци</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>mbartzi@math.huji.ac.il</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>The Hebrew University</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>71</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Nonlocal and nonlinear problems</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Нелокальные и нелинейные задачи</issue-title><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Ben-Artzi M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бен-Арци М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ben-Artzi M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бен-Арци М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/CMFD/article/view/43905">https://journals.rudn.ru/CMFD/article/view/43905</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The biharmonic operator plays a central role in a wide array of physical models, such as elasticity theory and the streamfunction formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. Its spectral theory has been extensively studied. In particular the one-dimensional case (over an interval) serves as the basic model of a high order Sturm-Liouville problem. The need for corresponding numerical simulations has led to numerous works. This review focuses on a discrete biharmonic calculus. The primary object of this calculus is a high-order compact discrete biharmonic operator  (DBO).   The DBO is constructed in terms of the discrete Hermitian derivative.  The surprising strong connection between cubic spline functions (on an interval) and the DBO is recalled.   In particular the kernel of the inverse of the discrete operator is (up to scaling) equal to the  grid evaluation of the  kernel of <span class="math inline">\( \Big[\Big(\frac{d}{dx}\Big)^4\Big]^{-1}. \)</span>  This fact entails the conclusion that the  eigenvalues of the DBO converge (at an “optimal” <span class="math inline">\(O(h^4)\)</span> rate) to the continuous ones. Another consequence is the validity of a <italic>comparison principle.</italic> It is well known that there is no maximum principle for the fourth-order equation.  However, a positivity result is recalled, both  for the continuous and the discrete biharmonic equation, claiming that in both cases the kernels are order preserving.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Бигармонический оператор играет центральную роль в широком спектре физических моделей, таких как теория упругости и формулировка функции потока уравнений Навье—Стокса. Его спектральная теория была тщательно изучена. В частности, одномерный случай (на интервале) служит базовой моделью задачи Штурма—Лиувилля высокого порядка. Потребность в соответствующих численных симуляциях привела к многочисленным работам. Этот обзор фокусируется на дискретном бигармоническом исчислении. Основным объектом этого исчисления является компактный дискретный бигармонический оператор (ДБО) высокого порядка. ДБО строится в терминах дискретной эрмитовой производной. Отмечается удивительно сильная связь между кубическими сплайн-функциями (на интервале) и ДБО. В частности, ядро обратного дискретного оператора (с точностью до масштабирования) равно сеточной оценке ядра <span class="math inline">\( \Big[\Big(\frac{d}{dx}\Big)^4\Big]^{-1}. \)</span> Этот факт влечет за собой вывод о том, что собственные значения ДБО сходятся (с &lt;&lt;оптимальной&gt;&gt; скоростью <span class="math inline">\(O(h^4)\)</span>) к непрерывным. Другим следствием является справедливость <italic>принципа сравнения.</italic> Хорошо известно, что для уравнения четвертого порядка не существует принципа максимума. Однако имеет место положительность как для непрерывного, так и для дискретного бигармонического уравнения, а это означает, что в обоих случаях ядра сохраняют порядок.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cubic splines</kwd><kwd>Hermitian derivative</kwd><kwd>discrete biharmonic operator</kwd><kwd>eigenvalues</kwd><kwd>Green’s kernel</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кубические сплайны</kwd><kwd>эрмитова производная</kwd><kwd>дискретный бигармонический оператор</kwd><kwd>собственные значения</kwd><kwd>ядро Грина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ahlberg J.H., Nilson E.N., Walsh J.L. The Theory of Splines and Their Applications. -New York-London: Academic Press, 1967.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Andrew A.L., Paine J.W. Correction of finite element estimates for Sturm-Liouville eigenvalues// Numer. 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