The article dwells on the formation of military and party intelligence and counterespionage bodies, which were controlled by Chiang Kaishek, the leader of the Guomindang party, in the second quarter of the XXth century. The author demonstrates that the base of this bodies were the staff and political institutions of the Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy, which were founded with the assistance of the USSR and the participation of Chinese communists. The foundation of the Guomindang special services was one of the results of political game by the Chief of the Huangpu (Whampoa) Military Academy, Chiang Kaishek, with Soviet advisers. His aim was to use the Soviet assistance in order to resist the Moscow’s plans in China.

The article concerns the analysis of the role and place of the representatives of the Christian communities in the administration system of the territories, controlled by Ahmad-pasha al-Jazzar, the most powerful Syrian provincial governor in the second half of the 18 th - early 19 th centuries, in the first years of his rule. The author makes an attempt to show the influence of the changes in the organization of the provincial government in the Ottoman Empire on the position of the Syrian Christians, who traditionally had a lower status than the representatives of the Muslim community.

The article is devoted to explore the emergence of the idea of a the dual French-Spanish monarchy, the way of its implementation and reasons for the failure. In the struggle for the Spanish throne, the main competitors have become the Austrian Habsburgs and the French Bourbons. The threat of union of France and Spain under the scepter of one monarch sparked the first war for world hegemony - War of the Spanish Succession, which changed the balance of forces in Europe. Attempts to revise the peace treaty of Utrecht were unsuccessful for the Spanish monarchy.

The article is devoted to some aspects of formation of the Francisco Javier Clavijero’s scientific outlook. The article analyzes the process of becoming a scientist's views, as well as their influence on prominent Mexican thinker’s work.

This article discusses the work of Turkish historians on the Macedonian question. As a result, a comprehensive analysis of research on the Macedonian question, the author comes to the conclusion about the need to explore this issue in conjunction with the involvement of both Russian and Turkish archival materials.