RUDN Journal of World History
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history
<p><strong>Editor-in-Chief</strong>: Sergey A. Voronin, PhD, Professor</p> <p><strong style="color: #000000;"><strong>ISSN</strong>: </strong>2312-8127 (Print) <strong style="color: #000000;"><strong>ISSN</strong>: </strong>2312-833X (Online)</p> <p><strong>Founded in</strong> 2009. <span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="en"><strong style="color: #000000;"><strong>Publication frequency</strong></strong>:</span> quarterly</p> <p><strong style="color: #000000;"><strong>PUBLISHER</strong>: </strong><span style="color: #000000;"><a href="http://eng.rudn.ru/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</a></span></p> <p><strong style="color: #000000;">Open Access</strong>: <img src="/files/journals/1//OA.png" alt="" width="68" height="25">. <strong>APC</strong>: no article processing charge</p> <p><strong>Peer-Review</strong>: double blind. <strong>Publication language:</strong> Russian, English</p> <p><strong style="color: #000000;">Indexation</strong><span style="color: #000000;">: Russian Index of Science Citation</span>, DOAJ, Google Scholar<span style="color: #000000;">, </span>Ulrich's Periodicals Directory<span style="color: #000000;">, </span>WorldCat, East View, Cyberleninka, Dimensions, ResearchBib, Lens, Research4Life, JournalTOCs</p>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)ru-RURUDN Journal of World History2312-8127<h4 style="text-align: left;" align="center"><span style="display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #101010; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The right of authorship belongs to the authors of articles. The authors transfer the rights to use the article (including the use and distribution of an article in the Open Access) to the publisher of the journal on a non-exclusive license (Publishing Agreement (Public Offer)). At the same time, authors remain full rightsholders.</span></h4> <h3 align="center">Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical<br>'RUDN Journal of World History'</h3> <p>The Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University), represented by the Vice-Rector for Scientific Work Andrey Aleksandrovich Kostin, acting under a Power of Attorney No No 0036-03/21-163 dated 12.10.2021, hereinafter referred to as the Publisher, on the one hand, hereby offers to the public at large, hereinafter referred to as the Author, on the other hand, hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties, to enter into this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the Agreement, regarding publication of scholarly materials, hereinafter referred to as the Article, in the Journal named 'RUDN Journal of World History', hereinafter referred to as the Journal, under the following terms.</p> <p><strong>1. General Terms and Conditions</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>1.1. Pursuant to Clause 2 of the Article 437 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Agreement shall be recognized as the public offer, hereinafter referred to as the Offer. Subject to Article 438 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Offer shall be deemed to have been completely and irrevocably accepted after the Author had submitted his/her materials by uploading those onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Information and Communication Network known as the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Internet.</p> <p>1.2. Pursuant to the Russian Federation effective law as applicable to compliance with the copyright to electronic information resources, no materials from any site, electronic journal or project may be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form, either in a hard or soft copy, without a prior consent from the Journal's authors and editorial staff, which may be expressed by posting a respective consent (open license<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 CC BY-NC</a>) in the relevant section of the Journal's site on the Internet. <br>Whenever any published materials are used within the context of other documents, a reference to the original source needs to be specified.</p> <p>1.3. The Journal is registered by the Federal Oversight Service for Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (RosKomNadzor).</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>2. Terms Used in This Agreement</strong></p> <blockquote> <p><strong>The Author</strong> is an individual (or individuals) whose creative labor has produced the Article.</p> <p><strong>The Offer Acceptance</strong> means a complete and irrevocable acceptance of the Offer under the terms specified in Clause 3 hereof (the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher, i.e. by uploading the Article along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet).</p> <p><strong>The Journal</strong> means an academic periodical named 'RUDN Journal of World History'.</p> <p><strong>The Application </strong>means an electronic request of the Author addressed to the Publisher for publishing the Article in the Journal by uploading the Article and support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet).</p> <p><strong>The Publisher</strong> is the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN), being the Journal's founder and publisher.</p> <p><strong>The Article's Metadata </strong>means any materials in Russian and English intended to be included into the Science Citation database as per the original version of the Article such as the Article title; authors' details (full last name, first name, patronymic, present employer of each author with indication of the postal code, contact details (e-mail) of each author; abstract; keywords; topical classifications: UDC or any other bibliographic and library classification, and subject indices; bibliography (list of references).</p> <p><strong>The Offer</strong> means this document (offer to the Author) to publish an Article by uploading it onto the site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p><strong>The Publication </strong>means the act of publishing the Article in the Journal.</p> <p><strong>The Journal's Editorial Staff</strong> means a creative team engaged in preparing the Journal for publication.</p> <p><strong>The Editorial Board</strong> is an advisory body of the Journal's Editorial Office.</p> <p><strong>The Article</strong> means a result of fundamental and applied scholarly efforts in the form of a scholarly material, scientific review material, scientific message, bibliographical review on specific topics of the scholarly study, and background information on Russian and foreign scientists submitted by the Author for publication in the Journal.</p> <p><strong>The Parties </strong>mean the Author and the Publisher.</p> <p><strong>The Article Requirements </strong>mean requirements to the materials published in the Journal's section named "To Authors" of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/about/submissions#authorGuidelines"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/about/submissions#authorGuidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/about/submissions#authorGuidelines</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p><strong>The Service </strong>means publication of the Article in the Journal as per the Author's application.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>3. Subject Matter of the Agreement (Offer)</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>3.1. Subject to this Agreement, the Author shall provide the Publisher at no expense for the copyright duration as stated by the Russian Federation legislation with <strong>a non-exclusive license</strong> for use of the Author-created Article for the purpose of its publication in the Journal.</p> <p>3.2. The rights to use this Article as assigned hereunder shall include but not limited to:</p> <ul> <li>reproduction of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English in any material form whatsoever, including soft and hard copy forms, as an individual work product in periodicals and/or databases (whether local or web-based) owned by the Publisher and/or any other persons at the discretion of the Publisher;</li> <li>dissemination of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English on any media as part of the Journal and/or databases owned by the Publisher or any other persons, at the discretion of the Publisher, or as an individual work product, worldwide via open access or by subscription without payment of any fee to the Author;</li> <li>making public the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English so that any person could access the Article from any location and at any time of his/her choice (including via the Internet);</li> <li>issuing permissions to use the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English to any third parties while notifying the Author by publishing the respective information on the Journal's site without payment of any fee to the Author;</li> <li>processing, including translation of the Article (including translation into foreign languages), and use of the processed (translated) Article in any manner specified above;</li> <li>any other rights, not expressly assigned to the Publisher hereunder, including patent rights to any processes, techniques or methods, and other means, described by the Author in the Article, as well as trademark rights, shall be retained by the Author.</li> </ul> <p>3.3. No territorial restrictions will be applied to the use of rights to the Article.</p> <p>3.4. This Agreement shall become effective from the time the Article is submitted to the Journal, i.e. uploaded along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Article Upload.</p> <p>3.5. The rights shall be assigned by the Author to the Publisher at no expense, and the Article publication in the Journal shall not result in any financial contribution to the Author.</p> <p>3.6. If the Publisher decides to refuse to publish the Article in the Journal, this Agreement shall cease to be in force. A decision to refuse publication shall be sent to the Author via the e-mail address specified in the Application.</p> <p>3.7. The Publisher undertakes, throughout the currency of this Agreement, to provide to the Author the services associated with publication of the Article on the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history</a></span> on the Internet.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>4. General Terms of the Services Provision</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>4.1. The Publisher shall provide the services to the Author only if:</p> <ul> <li>the Author submits all materials compliant with the Offer requirements by way of the Article Upload;</li> <li>the Author Accepts the Offer.</li> </ul> <p>4.2. The services shall be provided to the Author free of charge.</p> <p>4.3. If any materials submitted by the Author are found in breach of rules and requirements of this Offer, the Publisher shall have a right to refuse to publish those.</p> <p>4.4. The Publisher shall not be responsible for any third-party unauthorized use of the data provided by the Author during the currency of this Agreement.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>5. Rights and Responsibilities of the Parties</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>5.1. The Author warrants that:</p> <ul> <li>he/she is the valid holder of exclusive rights to the Article; rights granted to the Publisher hereunder were not earlier assigned and will not be assigned to any third parties prior to publication of the Article by the Publisher in the Journal;</li> <li>the Article contains all the references to cited authors and/or sources (materials) that are required by the effective copyright law;</li> <li>the Author has obtained all required licenses to results, facts and other borrowed materials used in the Article where the Author is not a copyright holder;</li> <li>the Article does not contain any materials that may not be published in public sources in accordance with the effective Russian Federation statutory instruments, and the Article publication and dissemination will not involve any disclosure of classified (confidential) information, including state secrets;</li> <li> the Author has familiarized himself with the editorial policy and ethical principles published on the Journal website (<a href="/world-history/about/editorialPolicies">http://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/about/editorialPolicies</a>) and the consequences of violating these principles, has advised other Co-authors of the terms of this Agreement and has received consents from all the Co-authors to conclude this Agreement under the terms hereunder.</li> </ul> <p>5.2. The Author undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>submit a manuscript of the Article as per the Requirements to articles;</li> <li>avoid using the soft copy of the Article produced by the Publisher for commercial purposes and in other periodicals;</li> <li>while preparing the Article for publication, the Author undertakes to: <ol type="a"> <li>make edits specified by readers and approved by the Journal's Editorial Office in the text of the Article and/or revise the Article following the Publisher's request, where necessary;</li> <li>proofread the Article within the timeframes specified in the Journal publication schedule;</li> <li>make only such edits in the proof that are minimally required to correct errors made in the Article original and/or introduce factual and momentary changes.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <p>5.3. The Author is entitled to:</p> <ul> <li>pass to any third party a soft copy of the published Article provided by the Publisher pursuant to Clause 5.4 hereof for the Article to be incorporated, in whole or in part, into a scientific information database or repository in order to promote academic or scholarly investigations or for informational and educational purposes subject to the Author, Journal and Publisher being properly referenced.</li> </ul> <p>5.4. The Publisher undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>publish the Author's Article, in soft or hard copy form, in the Journal in accordance with the terms hereof;</li> <li>provide the Author with the proof of the Article and make reasonable edits as requested by the Author, where required, following the Journal's Editorial resolution;</li> <li>provide the Author with the soft copy of the published Article by sending it to the Author's e-mail address within 15 business days of the Journal issue's publication;</li> <li>respect the Author's rights established by the effective law, protect those and use best endeavors to prevent any copyright infringements by third parties.</li> </ul> <p>5.5. The Publisher is entitled to:</p> <ul> <li>carry out technical and literary editing of the Article such that its basic content would remain unchanged;</li> <li>review the Article and suggest appropriate changes to the Author, and elect not to publish the Article if the Author fails to introduce such changes;</li> <li>require from the Author and/or other persons that the Journal, Publisher, Author and any other copyright holder, as well as the title of the Article, Journal issue identification and a year of publication as specified in the Journal be properly referenced whenever the Journal and/or the Article, including any individual part or fragment thereof, are used by any of the above-mentioned individuals thereafter;</li> <li>publish preliminary and/or advertising information on the forthcoming publication of the Article in mass media and any other information sources;</li> <li>establish rules (conditions) for acceptance and publication of materials in the Journal. The Journal's Editorial Board, headed by the Editor-in-Chief, shall enjoy an exclusive right to accept and/or reject any materials submitted to the Journal's Editorial Office for publication purposes. No manuscript (tangible medium) submitted by the Author to the Journal's Editorial Office will be subject to return. The Journal's Editorial Staff will not enter into any correspondence regarding the rejection of the Article by the Journal's Editorial Board;</li> <li>suspend provision of services to the Author hereunder temporarily for technical, technological and other reasons preventing the services from being provided for the duration of remedial activities;</li> <li>suspend services hereunder in accordance with civil procedures if: <ol> <li type="a">the Article does not correspond to the topics covered by the Journal or by any part thereof, or the submitted material is found insufficient for the individual publication, or the Article design is found at variance with the requirements imposed;</li> <li>the Author is in breach of any other obligations assumed under the Offer arrangement;</li> </ol> </li> <li>introduce changes to the Offer as per the procedure established by the Offer.</li> </ul> <p>5.6. Unless otherwise provided or stated herein, the Parties shall refer to the effective legislation of the Russian Federation.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>6. Offer Acceptance and Conclusion of the Agreement. The Term of the Agreement</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>6.1. This Agreement shall become effective when concluded, i.e. when the Author Accepts the Offer by sending an application to the Publisher, that is, by uploading the Article (Article Upload), and remain in effect for five years.</p> <p>6.2. The Offer Acceptance constitutes an Agreement made in writing (Articles 438 and 1286.1 of the Russian Federation Civil Code) under the Offer terms.</p> <p>6.3. Unless any of the Parties sends to the other Party a written notification of the Agreement termination no later than two months prior to the end of the specified five-year period, the duration of the Publisher's copyright to the Work shall be automatically extended by the similar period. The number of extensions is not limited.</p> <p>6.4. The term of the Agreement may not exceed the duration of exclusive rights to the Article pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation.</p> <p>6.5. Whenever the Author assigns (disposes of) its exclusive rights to the Work to any third party, this Agreement shall remain in effect.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>7. Agreement Modification and Termination Procedure</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>7.1. The Publisher shall have a right to unilaterally modify the terms of this Agreement by giving a prior notice to the Author, at least ten (10) calendar days before such modifications become effective, to the Author's e-mail address specified in the Author's application or via the Journal's site. These modifications shall become effective from the date specified in the respective notice.</p> <p>7.2. If the Author disagrees with any modification in the terms of this Agreement, the Author shall have a right to submit a written notice of his/her withdrawal from this Agreement by uploading it onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review, available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1"}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/world-history/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p>7.3. This Agreement may be terminated early:</p> <ul> <li>at any time by mutual agreement of the Parties; or</li> <li>otherwise as stipulated herein.</li> </ul> <p>7.4. The Author shall have a right to cancel this Agreement unilaterally by sending the Publisher a respective notice in writing at least sixty (60) calendar days prior to the intended date of the Author's Article publication in the Journal.</p> <p>7.5. The termination of this Agreement for any reasons shall not release the Parties from responsibility for breach of any Agreement terms during the currency hereof.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>8. Liability</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>8.1. A Party which has failed to perform its obligations under this Agreement, either in full or in part, shall be held liable pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation in force.</p> <p>8.2. All the data provided by the Author shall be trustworthy. The Author shall be responsible for completeness and reliability of the data provided to the Publisher. The use of untrustworthy information obtained from the Author shall not entail any responsibility upon the Publisher for any adverse effects resulting from its actions based on such untrustworthy information.</p> <p>8.3. The Author shall take full personal responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law on advertising, protection of copyright and related rights, protection of trademarks and service marks, and protection of consumer rights. <br>8.4. The Publisher shall not be held responsible hereunder for:</p> <ol type="a"> <li>any actions resulting directly or indirectly from the actions of the Author;</li> <li>any loss incurred by the Author whether or not the Publisher was in a position to predict such loss.</li> </ol> <p>8.5. The Publisher shall be relieved from any responsibility for non-compliance with the terms of this Agreement if such non-compliance is a result of a force-majeure event such as an act of state authorities, including adoption of legal instruments, fire, flood, earthquake, other natural calamities, loss of power and/or computer network failure, strikes, civil commotions, riots, and any other similar events.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>9. Dispute Resolution Procedure</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>9.1. Any disputes and disagreements shall be resolved by the Parties by negotiations, and if the Parties fail to reach an agreement, these shall be resolved in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.</p> <p>9.2. If any disagreements remain unresolved, the Parties shall settle those at the location of the Publisher in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>10. Miscellaneous</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>10.1. Any notifications, messages, requests etc., excluding documents which need to be forwarded in original form pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation, shall be deemed to have been received by the Author, if delivered (sent) by the Publisher via the Journal's site, including by publishing those, by fax or e-mail specified in the Application, or using other communication facilities. The Parties acknowledge validity of notifications, messages, requests etc. delivered (sent) using the above-listed methods.</p> <p>10.2. Where the Publisher becomes subject to any claims related to non-compliance with an exclusive copyright or other intellectual property right of any third party during the writing of the Article or in connection with conclusion of this Agreement by the Author, the Author undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>immediately upon receipt of a Publisher's notification, take measures to settle disputes with such third party, and, where necessary, join the litigation in favor of the Publisher and use its best endeavors to exclude the Publisher from the defendants;</li> <li>reimburse the legal cost, expenses and loss incurred by the Publisher as a result of application of a pre-award relief and measures for execution of a judgment, and damages paid by the Publisher to any third party for the infringement of exclusive copyright and/or other intellectual property rights, as well as other expenditures incurred by the Publisher as a result of infringement by the Author of any warranties provided hereunder.</li> </ul> <p>10.3. Subject to Article 6 of the Federal Law On Personal Data No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006, for the period from the conclusion of this Agreement and until the discharge of Parties obligations hereunder, the Author expresses his/her consent to processing of the following personal data by the Publisher: last name, first name, patronymic; taxpayers identification number (TIN); place and date of birth; citizenship details; ID document details; registration and actual location address; e-mail address; mailing address with postal code; contact phone numbers; fax numbers; and details of the employers.</p> <p>10.4. The Publisher is entitled to process the above personal data for the purpose of this Agreement performance, including for provision of information and reference services to the Author. The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation.</p> <p>10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services.</p> <p>10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>11. </strong><strong>Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher</strong></p> <p>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University)</p> <p>Address: 6 Mikluho-Maklaya str, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation</p> <p>TIN 7728073720, CRR 772801001, PSRN 1027739189323.</p> <p>Vice Rector for Scientific Work A.A. Kostin</p>“Genghis Khans” of the 17th-18th centuries: between politics and religion
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37195
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Mongolian peoples traditionally associated crucial events and processes with the name of Genghis Khan. Nonetheless, that name acquired a nominal significance in one sphere, specifically as a title or an auxiliary name to the first, where it became a special name. The Genghis Khan name itself held a holy and tabooed implication that guided its subsequent realization. The study aims to investigate the impact of religion on the utilisation of Genghis Khan’s title by the Mongolian leaders during the XVII- XVIII centuries. The study focuses on two leaders of Mongolian peoples, the Chakhar in the east and the Oirat-Hoshut in the west, to examine the uniformity and diversity of interpreting and implementing this name as a title. They were Ligdan and Lkhavzan, with Ligdan being a direct descendant of Genghis Khan and Lkhavzan was considered to be a descendant of Khabutu, the younger brother of Genghis Khan. The author came to the following conclusions: such use of Genghis Khan’s name became possible due to the influence of a number of factors that actualised Genghis Khan’s name: 1) the struggle against separatism under the influence of external force; 2) the desire to “start anew”, to lead a “new era of prosperity”; 3) the need to identify oneself as a true leader under the increasing role of religion. The scientific contribution is to determine the multidimensional meaning of Genghis Khan’s name; its use as a title had common grounds and characteristics, and in general had the expected (albeit in the short term) results.</p>Baatr Uchaevich Kitinov
Copyright (c) 2023 Kitinov B.U.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-152023-12-1515435537310.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-355-373The Revival of the “Glorious Past” In the Republic of Korea under Park Chung Hee
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37196
<p style="text-align: justify;">The study examines the Republic of Korea’s (ROK) history politics under Park Chung Hee rule (1961-1979). The author argues that it’s possible to identify two stages of the development of policy toward Korea’s national heritage: 1) the early stage (1961 to mid 1960s), during which the government of the ROK managed to create the legal basis of the state policy on the protection of cultural heritage and the Office of Cultural Properties and 2) the late stage (the late 1960’s to 1979), when the regime carried out large-scale propaganda of Korean traditional culture. The article covers such problems as historical views of Park Chung Hee, restoration of Korean places of military glory, measures to perpetuate the memory of Korean outstanding historical figures - admiral Yi Sun-sin and king Sejong the Great, glorification of the ancient Korean kingdom Silla, promotion of Confucian values. The author concludes that President Park Chung Hee sought to strengthen the national consciousness of South Koreans in order to mobilize them to implement national tasks and unite the population around the authorities. The main emphasis was placed on the heroic pages of the military history of Korea and the history of Silla, the first unified Korean state. In the 1970s, the state actively promoted Confucian values to ensure the loyalty of the population to the authoritarian regime of Park Chung Hee. Despite the democratization of the Republic of Korea since 1987, Park Chung Hee’s cultural policy has played a significant role in shaping the historical identity of modern South Koreans. The research is based on Park Chung Hee’s works, ROK’s official documents and materials of South Korean researchers.</p>Aleksandr A. Kurmyzov
Copyright (c) 2023 Kurmyzov A.A.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-152023-12-1515437439210.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-374-392The Causes of the Sino-Soviet Split: Russian and Western Scholarship Perspectives
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37197
<p style="text-align: justify;">The deterioration of political and ideological ties between China and the Soviet Union, known as the Sino-Soviet split, is considered a pivotal moment in Cold War history. Extensive scholarly study has been conducted over the past few decades to uncover its causes, but researchers have yet to reach a consensus. This study explores the views of Russian and Western academics regarding the origins of the communist superpowers’ split, with an emphasis on the part played by ideological, geopolitical, and subjective factors. The research findings indicate that the breakdown of their relationship cannot be attributed to a singular cause; rather, a multitude of factors, such as ideological differences, geopolitical interests, and interpersonal dynamics, interacted in a complex manner. Authors from both Russia and the West offer insightful accounts of the causes of the conflict. By working in concert, their differing perspectives create a thorough, inclusive and reliable narrative of how the division came about. In light of ongoing tensions between the US, China and Russia, a comprehensive understanding of the causes of the Sino-Soviet split provides valuable insights into the current state of international politics.</p>Andrey N. KarneevIlya S. Kozylov
Copyright (c) 2023 Karneev A.N., Kozylov I.S.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515439340210.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-393-402Transplantation and adaptation of the Soviet economic model in North Korea, 1945-1960
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37198
<p style="text-align: justify;">The North Korean development model holds distinct similarities to the Soviet model. The Soviet Union’s experience and example played a key role in the initial nation-building in North Korea. However, as this study aims to argue, in the certain areas such as the economy, the transfer of the Soviet model to the Korean soil was often done against the direct Soviet advice. This study based on analysis of primary sources including declassified archival materials traces the entrenchment in North Korea in the 1940s-1950s of the key elements of the “classic” Soviet economic model such as directive centralized economic planning, nationalization, industrialization and prioritized heavy industry development and collectivized agriculture. Such research contributes to the better understanding of the economic and political processes in North Korea in the first post-liberation decades, of its economic system and relations with key political and economic allies in the Cold War.</p>Natalia Igorevna Matveeva
Copyright (c) 2023 Matveeva N.I.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515440341210.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-403-412Germans in Korea in the late 19th - early 20th centuries as a translocal and bourgeois community
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37199
<p style="text-align: justify;">This study deals with the German community in Korea between the conclusion of Korea’s first international treaties in the early 1880s and the country’s annexation by the Japanese Empire in 1910 in the context of transnational and global history. In the decades around 1900 the circulation of people, ideas, goods and capital beyond and across the national borders increased. The Korean peninsula has gradually integrated into global economic and political processes. The result of it became the formation of the European community in Joseon (Choson). The German community in Korea made up of diplomats, foreign experts hired by the Korean government as well as merchants and missionaries. They were individuals who defined themselves as bourgeois (or middle-class) who actively interacted with representatives of the Korean elites, becoming agents of an imperialist policy in East Asia. German citizens influenced the development of German-Korean relations contributing into the cultural dialogue between the two countries and the subsequent modernization of Joseon.</p>Irina Aleksandrovna Musinova
Copyright (c) 2023 Musinova I.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515441342310.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-413-423Background and the beginning of trade relations on the Silk Road
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37200
<p style="text-align: justify;">The relevance to research the beginning of trade relations on the ancient Silk Road was determined by the growing interest in the “revival” of the Silk Road. China is striving to develop the concept of “One Belt, One Road”, namely the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, which aims is a new transport system, that will improve trade relations between the countries and accelerate the supply of goods through Central Asia along the historical trade routes. This initiative is supported by many CIS states and countries whose history is directly related to the history of the Silk Road. The study of the prerequisites for the formation and initial stage of trade relations along the “Route” will allow us to assess the experience and potential of the regions related to this issue for building new effective models of cooperation.</p>Anastasia G. LiulinaEkaterina A. Malikova
Copyright (c) 2023 Liulina A.G., Malikova E.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515442443310.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-424-433Reports of the 11th century Andalusian Geographer on the Peoples of Caucasus
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37201
<p style="text-align: justify;">This paper, for the first time in Russian historiography, provides information on the 6th-10th centuries history of Dagestan on the basis of translation, commentary and comparative analysis of excerpts in relation to the history of Caucasian peoples from AbūʿUbayd al-Bakrī’s (d.1094) Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik (A Book of Routes and Countries). This work presents a brief description of different polities: indicating trade routes, distances between towns etc. sort of the administrative directory. Kitāb al-masālik wa-al-mamālik is considered as one of the important sources on south-western and north-western Africa history, particularly, during the period of the Almoravids’ reign (1040-1147). As for the information about the Caucasus given by al-Bakri so it’s largely not original. The paper discusses the main aspects of al-Bakrī’s life and scholarly activities who was an expert in Islamic history and Arabic geography. He particularly outlines the history of different Caucasian polities like Derbent; describes the Caspian sea; gives detailed list of routes and distance between polities etc. Moreover, I compared some reports on Dagestan from Muruj az-zahab and Kitab at-tanbih by al-Mas‘udi and al-Bakrī’s work in order to find out whether the origin of the material is the same.</p>Magomed A. Gizbulaev
Copyright (c) 2023 Gizbulaev M.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515443444210.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-434-442Sino-Russian military relations in People’s Daily in 2014-2022
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37202
<p style="text-align: justify;">The significance of the topic under study is due to substantial advancements in Sino-Russian military cooperation amid the 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Russia’s deteriorating relations with the West. After the USSR collapse, Sino-Russian military relations and cooperation have significantly expanded through further development of form and content. Sino-Russian military diplomacy is playing an important part in comprehensive strategic partnership and coordination in the international arena. Since the onset of crisis in Ukraine in 2014, a confrontation have escalated between Russia and many Western countries, which indirectly prompted Russia’s pivot to Asia. In this context, military cooperation between China and Russia is getting increasingly closer. The purpose of this study is to clarify the state and prospects of Sino-Russian relations in the sphere of military diplomacy in the period between 2014 to 2022, as reflected on the pages the People`s Daily newspaper. A general analysis of the articles made it possible to identify major areas of cooperation and principal features of interaction in this sphere.</p>Anna S. ArchugovaLiudmila V. Ponomarenko
Copyright (c) 2023 Archugova A.S., Ponomarenko L.V.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515444346210.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-443-462France - African States: some aspects of decentralized cooperation
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37203
<p style="text-align: justify;">This study examines a new phenomenon in the history of relations between France and its former colonies - the implementation in recent years of decentralized cooperation programs with African states, in particular, the interaction of French regions, as administrativeterritorial units, with African partners. The study provides a brief overview of the history of the French colonial empire, which allowed the author to distinguish several stages in its management and functioning. The research method was the study of cooperation programs in various spheres initiated by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, state agencies, regional councils, as well as international associations of territorial entities, along with specific examples of cooperation, particularly the signing of agreements directly between the French regions and the central authorities of African nations. As a result of this study, the author concludes that experience of decentralization of France’s foreign policy activities can be partially used in the Russian Federation foreign policy practice.</p>Konstantin I. Pakhorukov
Copyright (c) 2023 Pakhorukov K.I.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515446347710.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-463-477Burial complexes of the Catacomb culture: To the 20th anniversary of the work of the Steppe Archaeological Expedition of State Historical Museum in Remontnensky district in Rostov region
https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/37204
<p style="text-align: justify;">The study discusses the results of the excavations and the studies of the burial complexes of two local variants of the catacomb culture of the Middle Bronze Age of the Northwestern Caspian Sea region in the Remontnoye district (Rostov oblast). Being based on a comparative analysis, the author argues the validity of the allocation of local variants of catacomb culture - Eastern and Western that were adjacent to each other and entered into cultural contact. It is manifested in the use of similar tools, weapons, jewelry and dishes decorated in the same style but with the allocation of the local features of production technology figuration. According to the author, these features are the hallmark for determining the cultural identity of the burials of the Manych catacomb cultures.</p>Natalia Ivanovna ShishlinaNatalya Viktorovna Panasyuk
Copyright (c) 2023 Shishlina N.I., Panasyuk N.V.
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2023-12-152023-12-1515447848710.22363/2312-8127-2023-15-4-478-487