Vol 22, No 4 (2018)

ONCOLOGY

A MODERN VIEW ON THE PROBLEM OF TREATMENT OF UROTHELIAL CANCER

Salnikova S.V., Slavyanskaya T.A.

Abstract

Urothelial cancer (UC) is one of the leading onco-urological diseases. The lack of clinical manifestations of the disease at earlier stages does not allow assigning an adequate therapy in good time. Currently they extensively use conventional methods of treatment, which are constantly improving. Nevertheless, such methods are not always sufficiently effective: they neither always avert recurring, nor ensure sufficient remission and longevity of a patient. Identification of new trends in the early diagnostics of not only cancers but also pre-cancers plays an important role in forming conceptually new approaches to medical treatments. Molecular genetic features of UC have shown a significant chromosomal mutational variability, the dependence of genetic variations on the tumor invasion level, as well as its high level of immunizing power. Successes achieved in understanding the processes taking place not only in the tumor microenvironment but also in tumors have enabled creating fundamentally new anticancer drugs and achieving a significant progress in treating UC. This article presents a new classification of UCs based on immune histochemical data and molecular genetic characteristics of tumors, presents a cluster analysis of various types of UCs, recites present-day data on the disease incidence, analyses up-to-date conventional and innovative methods of UC treatment including non-specific and specific immunotherapy, describes the underlying mechanisms preventing tumors to evade immune surveillance, shows the role of immune checkpoints and their inhibitors, target and cytokine therapies, tumor vaccines, cell-based therapies, combined and integral methods of noninvasive and metastatic UC, as well as describes the results of clinical trials when using various methods of tumor treatments.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):365-386
pages 365-386 views

Stomatology

OCCLUSIVE THERAPY OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS

Chkhikvadze T.V., Bekreev V.V.

Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of research by a number of Russian and foreign authors devoted to the study of various occlusal splits, in particular, the mechanisms of their work, classification, their effectiveness in various forms of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lesions, the advantages and disadvantages of individual splits and materials, used in their manufacture. It should be noted that the use of occlusal splits in the complex treatment of TMJ disorders allows to achieve the normalization of spatial relations of intra-articular structures and to eliminate the chronic mechanical trauma of TMJ tissues. The choice of the optimal treatment method of the TMJ internal disorders is made with account of the nature of mandibular movements, of the joint disc displacement, the pain syndrome, its possible causes, and the presence of local and general aggravating factors. The dissipating appliances allow the joint disc to be positioned physiologically correctly relative to the mandible head and therapy eliminate the prerequisites for the TMJ dysfunction development. According to both Russian and foreign researchers, the use of dissipating appliances contributes to an increase in the effectiveness o conservative treatment of the TMJ dysfunction, as well as to the prevention of complications such as secondary osteoarthritis and uncontrolled displacement of the joint disc.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):387-401
pages 387-401 views

CLINICAL STATE OF PARODONT TISSUE AND ELECTROMETRIC INDICATORS OF TEETH PULP IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GENERALIZED PARODONTITIS IN THE DYNAMICS OF PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENT

Lyubomirsky G.B.

Abstract

The level of prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases remains high every year. He despite the use of modern drugs for the treatment of patients with chronic generalized periodontitis, the problem of effective treatment of this dental disease has not yet been solved. The complexity and duration of their treatment is Central to the practice of the dentist. One of the reasons for the lack of effective treatment can be considered a long-term use of antibacterial drugs, which often lead to the development of dysbacteriosis in the oral cavity, which significantly reduces nonspecific resistance and is accompanied by the development of immune imbalance. The mechanisms of gum disease are disorders of blood supply, lack of oxygen, nutrients and useful components (hypoxia). The study of the effectiveness of laser therapy and ozone therapy in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis does not lose its relevance. These physiotherapeutic methods are the most popular and effective in modern therapeutic Periodontology today. Therapeutic ozone has: immuno-stimulating, bactericidal, fungicidal, anti-inflammatory, detoxification and other properties, and laser therapy has a positive therapeutic effect on the periodontal tissue, leading to a decrease in inflammatory phenomena and bacteriostatic effect. Our research is aimed at studying the clinical condition of periodontal tissues and electrometric parameters of pulp of different groups of teeth after treatment by ozone generator and diode laser with a wavelength of 810 nm in the dynamics of observation. We examined 300 people with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. The inclusion in the therapeutic Arsenal of physiotherapy methods to assist patients with chronic generalized periodontitis, such as ozone therapy or laser therapy, significantly increase the effectiveness of treatment of periodontal patients.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):402-414
pages 402-414 views

THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FACING COMPOSITE MATERIALS CERAMAGE («SHOFU») AND ULTRAGLASS («VLADMIVA»)

Tscymbalystov A.V., Kopytov A.A., Chuev V.P., Asadov R.I., Vinakov D.V.

Abstract

According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the degree of dependence of the medical industry and practical medicine on imports is 81%. Critical dependence causes a shortage of inexpensive consumables, medicines and medical devices, and as a consequence of the increase in the cost of medical services, which is estimated as a threat to national security. In various regions of the Russian Federation in the general structure of dental care for patients in all age groups, dental arch defects range from 40 to 75%. Non-removable prosthetics for socially unprotected segments of the population are carried out mainly by bridges with lining the metal frame with hot-curing plastic, short-lived due to low strength characteristics, significant abrasion, and hygroscopicity. To a large extent, the service life of fixed prostheses is determined by the combination of the physicomechanical properties of the facing material, such as flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and hardness. Flexural strength characterizes the ability of a material to resist unaxial occlusal loading, the modulus of elasticity determines the stiffness of a material and its ability to withstand applied loads without significant deformations, and the hardness characterizes the wear resistance of a material and its ability to withstand abrasion by antagonists. This paper presents the results of a study of the physicomechanical properties of facing composite materials: Ceramage (Shofu, Japan) and Ultra Glass (VladMiVa, Russia). The revealed differences in flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and Vickers microhardness of the material “UltraGlass” allow us to recommend it for widespread clinical use. Expanding the range of domestic materials for orthopedic dentistry by developing a coating composite material UltraGlass helps to improve the quality of dental care to the population with social benefits.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):415-420
pages 415-420 views

CORRELATION OF THE SKULL PARAMETERS WITH THE WIDTH OF THE DENTAL ARCHES

Efimova E.Y., Krayushkin A.I., Efimov Y.V.

Abstract

The study of regularities and variant anatomy in the structure of organs and parts of the human body is one of the fundamental problems of morphology having an applied orientation. The main method of studying a person's aesthetics is a morphometric examination of the head. It includes the study of its size, size and shape of the face and its individual parts, as well as the relationship between the size and shape of the skull and dental arches. The main linear parameters of the skull and their interrelations with the parameters of the width of the dental arches of the upper jaw are studied on the skull of male of mature age with physiological occlusion of teeth. The study was carried out taking into account the type of skull. It was revealed that the index of the width of the dental arch from the vestibular side is lesser then the index of the upper face and the intergnatic part in the frontal part, and in the distal part - to the contrary. Indicators of the width of the dental arch from the palatal side were less in their values to the parameters of the skull at all levels of measurement in all craniotypes. Obtained data on the width of the dental arch of the upper jaw, linear parameters of the skull and their interrelations expand and deepen the information available in the literature on the dimensional characteristics of the craniofacial complex.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):421-427
pages 421-427 views

OPHTHALMOLOGY

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF PENETRATING AND NON-PENETRATING SURGERY AS METHODS OF CHOICE IN GLAUCOMA

Frolov M.A., Ryabey A.V., Frolov A.M.

Abstract

Surgical methods for the treatment of glaucoma are used when other treatments are not effective to maintain intraocular pressure under control. Regardless of the method of choice of surgical treatment of glaucoma, penetrating and non-penetrating surgical intervention violates the integrity of the eyeball and causes a variety of complications. Some of these complications can threaten the vision as a whole. To keep complications to a minimum, it is important to know how to prevent, recognize and treat. One of the main problems of glaucoma surgery is scarring of the previously established ways of outflow of the experiences of all the researchers, who today are in search of new methods of prevention, means and methods for modulation of the process of excessive fibrosis of granulation tissue in the area of operations. The purpose of this article is to give an idea of some of the complications, advantages and disadvantages of the main methods of penetrating and non-penetrating surgical treatment, the use of different types of drains and the creation of new ways of outflow of intraocular fluid, which will help doctors in the future to improve the chosen techniques in the treatment of glaucoma patients in their clinical practice and to develop new methods against early scarring created outflow pathways and the extension of the hypotensive effect after surgery glaucoma.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):428-442
pages 428-442 views

SOCIAL HEALTH AND HEALTH PROTECTION

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN THE ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL CARE: ACCORDING TO A SURVEY OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM ORPHAN DISEASES

Abramov A.Y., Vitkovskaya I.P.

Abstract

The activities of public patient organizations are multifaceted: providing legal support to patients in order to protect their legal rights; information and educational work, conducting “schools”, providing specific types of assistance that can provide those involved in the problem. Public patient organizations are the “voice” of all patients with orphan diseases in solving their problems at the level of the highest echelons of power. From 2016-2017 years in the Reference center of congenital hereditary diseases, genetic disorders, orphan and other rare diseases of GBUZ “Morozovskaya DGKB DZM” on a specially designed questionnaire conducted a sociological study on awareness of parents of children suffering ABOUT the public patient organizations. Public organizations provide information and legal support, contact with pharmaceutical companies, participate in solving the problems of patients at the state level. Taking into account the rights and opportunities of public associations, it is necessary for doctors to inform parents about the existence of charitable organizations and their involvement in public patient organizations, as well as to participate in the work of health schools for parents.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):443-449
pages 443-449 views

MATERNAL MORTALITY IN AFGHANISTAN. CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM

Gafur M.A., Fomina A.V.

Abstract

The article is devoted to the issue of maternal mortality in Afghanistan. What results did this country achieve after setting the millennium goals in 2000? The causes of maternal mortality have been analyzed. A survey has been carried out on the demographic and geographical differences in maternal mortality in different regions of the world and possible ways of overcoming the current causes of mortality. Conclusion. The key and effective measures to prevent maternal mortality in Afghanistan are access to: a family planning center, the possibility of medical abortion, emergency obstetric care.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):450-455
pages 450-455 views

TRAUMATOLOGY

NEW IN THE PATELLA FRACTURES TREATMENT

Hijazin V.H., Solod E.I., Abdulkhabirov M.A., Karpovich N.I.

Abstract

In the literature there is a gap of publications about patella fractures management which is due to the absence of serious attention to the injuries of this largest sesamoid bone. In addition, in the world literature there is a lack of monographs and toolkits for the treatment of patients with these injuries, furthermore, in textbooks and traumatology manuals there are only a few template recommendations to the tactics of treating patients with this trauma. Meanwhile, patella fractures represent approximately 0.5-1.5% of all fractures, delayed union, formation of a false joint, and the emergence of patellofemoral arthrosis after these fractures is not uncommon. In the scientific literature on traumatology there is no unified, all-recognized classification of these fractures, which hinders the development of a single algorithm for the treatment of patients with patellar fractures. There are no contradictory views to the treatment of patella fractures without displacement; however, in relation to the treatment of patients with complex patella fractures, there are divergent views between the fracture fragments preservation to partial or even total patellectomy. In connection with the foregoing, We considered the issue of treating patients with patella fractures topical. Based on a thorough analysis of treatment results of 113 patients we provided a working classification based on the number of patellar fracture fragments (two-fragmentary, three-fragmentary, four-fragmentary, multi-fragmentary, upper and lower pole fractures). Based on this classification, traditional, modified and new methods of treating patients with patellar fractures were used. This is described in more detail in the forthcoming article.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):456-463
pages 456-463 views

CHANGE OF PRESSURE INSIDE THE SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR MUSCULAR-FASCIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AFTER CALF AUGMENTATION WITH GEL-FILLED SILICONE IMPLANTS

Marinicheva I.G., Meladze Z.E.

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the degree of tissue compression and evaluate the safety of installation of a volume gel-filled implant inside the superficial posterior muscular-fascial compartment of the legs. Materials and methods: The author conducted a direct measurement of the pressure inside the superficial posterior muscular-fascial compartment of the legs in five patients (10 calves) before the surgery and immediately after installation of gel-filled silicone implants inside the superficial posterior compartment of the legs with an average volume of 85-140 ml. Results and conclusions: The pressure measured by the proposed method inside the superficial posterior muscular-fascial compartment of the legs before the surgery was on average 2,1 ± 0,4 mm Hg, after implants installation - 8,9 ± 0,9 mm Hg. The result obtained is significantly lower than the critical intra-compartmental pressure, which indicates the safety of calf augmentation by insertion of implant inside the superficial posterior muscular-fascial compartment.

RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018;22(4):464-469
pages 464-469 views

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