Comparison is one of the basic cognitive structures which a man uses in the process of his understanding of the outer world and himself. The universal character of comparison for both, everyday and scientific thinking becomes apparent due to its four-part pattern with the help of which a man is able to connect myths with reality, known with the unknown and as a result draw unconventional conclusions, advance hypotheses, obtain new knowledge.

The article covers the interrelations between the word as a sign, its meaning, image and concept. The author considers links between referential aspect of meaning treating it as a unit of translation.

The article reveals the role of occasional nouns with the suffix - ость - in the formation of deep artistic meanings in the poetic text. It is proved that the formation of this type of nouns from adjectives relative, not specific to natural language in poetry actively manifested in poetry; occasional nouns formed from passive participles, in the poetic text retain a verbal compatibility - management or contiguity.

The article deals with the problem of precedent phenomena usage of sacred names Allah and Muhammad in Russian Islamic discourse within the polylingual situation in Russian Muslim space. The analysis of some Islamic messages showed that in case of the Russian-speaking mass communication there are used the precedent phenomena in Islamic discourse 1) close to Arabic original forms and transliterated to the Cyrillic alphabet in a written form; 2) translated into Russian and complement Arabic original words or substitute them being partly changed in semantics.

Concept of semantic universalia is the author's version of onomatopoeic theory of the origin of language, formulated by the author in the book «Language and space technology». Determining role in the genesis and evolution of language belongs to: natural preconception figurative logic of perception and understanding of the universe as Consciousness mega system of interacting multi-level classes toposistem peers. Sound elements (Fire, Air, Water, Earth and private forms of their existence, as well as other living objects of nature, as was the basis for the formal aspects of the language and the basis of its semantic structure. Onomatopoeia is primordially free and multivariate.

The article is devoted to one of the most actual problems of the Chechen folklore - national study of versification. The author considers the problem on the basis of a big actual material connected with metrics features of the Chechen folk lyrics. Considering the most important feature of the Chechen language - the fixed stress on the first syllable, the author comes to the conclusion that Chechen folk poem is syllabic.

The article is devoted to the lexicographic description of dictionary codes and labels in the Russian and English languages. Thanks to grammar codes and stylistic labels, the entry presents squeezed, compact description of the central unit of language system in explanatory dictionaries of languages compared - the word.

The article is devoted to some functional and semantic peculiarities and combinability of a group of English adjectives. The author analyzes the synonymic line of English adjectives with the meaning “fat”. There are considered the peculiarities of semantics, functioning, combinability of the English adjective “fat” and its synonyms.

The author proves that the intermediality is the integral property (attribute) of the literary work.

The article treats the development of terminology of language teaching both in the Russian and English languages and focuses on studying the types of semantic aspects of terms. Special attention is paid to the new terms in the field of language teaching.

The article presents an analysis of U.S hybrid place names of English-Spanish origin. The author explains the history of certain geographical names, describes the historical events that preceded the appearance of place names given. Particular attention is paid to the principles of formation of such hybrids, and some hypotheses are given about the causes of existence of Anglo-Spanish place names on the U.S. map.