The Chinese foreign direct investment to Sub Sahara Africa

The increasing investment of China in the Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) has continued to add value to the continent of Africa. The Chinese investment has served as growth and developmental mechanism and finance sources for viable projects. The effect of China in Sub-Sahara Africa and Africa economies in generally on different dimensions, depending on the nature of the attractiveness of foreign direct investment (FDI) and factor of production of each country. The increased of China FDI inflows to SSA has generated much important gained to the continent of African economies. The authors analyze the FDI, determinants, merits and policy implications necessary to stimulate and accelerate more FDI from China and other countries of the world. In doing this, the SSA countries must have policy direction towards business friendly that would attract more investment and also protect foreign investors against expropriation.


Introduction
In 2015, the New York United Nations summit, issues regarding Sustainable Development Goal (SGD) were adopted by leaders of various countries in pursuance to global growth and development. In sequel to the summit, huge success was recorded which was geared towards obtaining 2030 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) globally. One of such goals is to build sustainable infrastructure and accelerate industrialization (No. 9). As pointed out by United Nations Development Organizations 1 emphasizes on the important of economic growth and development via cross border economic integration that will serve as a propeller for sustainable economic, social and environmental growth and development that are applicable to developed and less developing nations. This further reiterated that inequalities and wealth in developed and developing nations are as a result of the different economic growth models (industrialization/ investments) adopted by various countries. That it will take less developing countries over 100 years to obtained investment that will industrialized their various economic sectors and 50 years growing by 10% rate per annum and unfortunately, Africa has weak saving and investment base. Hence, for Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) to achieve growth and development, investments is imperative and indispensable especially within the Sub-Sahara Africa nations having over 67% of less-developed economies in the world (Megbowon et al., 2019). Due to lack of capital for investment that can change the economic narrative of SSA, hence, it is necessary to have foreign direct investment (FDI) that is paramount to economic growth and development to Africa continent.
Thus, with economic integration, liberalization and globalization, FDI is playing germane roles in economic growth and development. Capital formation and technological advancement are theoretically considered as tools for socio-economic growth and development. Foreign direct investment to SSA has four important contribu-tions; to make up for domestic saving deficit; foreign exchange gap; revenue generation deficits and management, entrepreneurship, technology and skills. Liu, Hao and Gao (2017) noted that, to achieve economic sustainability and prosperity, FDI is imperative to employment generation, capital formation, economic growth and development, environmental sustainability industrialization among others. Most of the Sub-Sahara Africa countries lack the capacity to explore, refine and utilize their natural resources as a result of shortage of human and capital resources, inadequate technological advancement and socio-economic challenges.
However, many efforts have been made by SSA countries to stimulate and accelerate FDI inflows into the region by creating socio-economic policies, Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and investment zones via investment incentive such as tax holidays, duty free in some imported goods and equipment yet little has been achieved in economic growth and development. The level of poverty, unemployment, mortality rate, high level of uneducated people, corruption, social unrest, energy problem has increased significantly. It therefore requires that more prudence FDI are needed to address the socio-economic problem in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Literature review
Foreign direct investment is a key element in global economic integration and liberalization. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2 view FDI as a means of creating direct, stable and long-lasting links between economies. Where the right socio-economic policies are in operation, it can serve as an important tool for the development of enterprise, and it may also help improve the competitiveness from the position the recipient and the investing economy. Foreign direct investment is an investment opportunity that involves relationship on long-term, lasting interest and control by a resident entity in one economy. 3 FDI consists of international resources including technology, managerial and marketing expertise and capital. Foreign direct investment is viewed as a major stimulus to economic growth among countries. Although, the ability to deal with two major challenges, namely: shortages of financial resources, technology and skills, has made it the Centre of attraction for developing countries in particular. Only a few countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa have been successfully attracting significant FDI flow from China (Agwu, 2014).
China recently emerged on the global financial scene and one of the highest financiers, export destination, investment and development partner with FDI growing in the continent of Africa. This is attained as a result of Chinese government significant attachment to global growth and development considering the "Go Global" policy established in 1999. The policy recognized the growing awareness of Chinese government the opportunity to impact and goes beyond the territory of China and harnesses the economic potentials of other nations of the world (Luo et al., 2010). The policy serves as a determinant factor for Chinese investors to invest outside their domestic market and take advantage of the competitive business environment globally. 2  As pointed out by Donou-Adonsou and Lim (2018), the increase in China's FDI to Sub-Sahara Africa are as a result of the visit of President Jiang Zemin in 1996 and President Hu Jintao to Africa in 2004 which serve as a driving force that help increase the markets and demand for resources to support China's growing economy with key commitment to grow and develop the continent of Africa respectively. Falki (2009) noted that the benefits of Chinese foreign direct investment on the host economy accelerate the increase in employment, productivity, encourage more exports and technology. The advantages of Chinese FDI in SSA economy is that it facilitates the utilization raw materials locally, new management techniques are introduced, change in marketing strategy and access to new technological advancement.

Determinant of foreign direct investment inflow to Sub Saharan Africa
The literature on the forces driving Chinese FDI to Sub-Sahara Africa has identified policy and non-policy factors as a determinant of foreign direct investment (Asiedu, 2003). Policy factors are openness to other nations, product-market regulation, labour market arrangements, corporate tax rates, foreign investment restrictions, trade barriers and social amenities. Non-policy factors include market size of the receiving country, costs of transportation, socio-political and economic stability (Ayanwale, 2007). The pull factors include economic, socio-political and structural conditions, including uncertainty, while the push factors relate to cyclical and structural condition, irreversibility and herding (Gottschalk, 2001). The open market policy to attract FDI from China to SSA is yielding a lot of benefits to the continent of Africa, over 30% of foreign products coming to Africa are from China today and the Exim Bank of China is helping to promote greatly on the economic integration and liberalization with SSA countries. Solomon and Eka (2013) also investigate the implication foreign direct investment aids and comparative advantage. Using two countries and two sector investment model to test for FDI using automobile and textile of each country, the finding reveals that the recipient country's more attractive to inward foreign investment than its comparative disadvantage sector. This shown that, the indicators of the FDI attractiveness depends on the socio-economic policies and market strength of the host countries. In SSA for instance, Chinese FDI inflows are so encouraging since the economic policies of the continent are gears towards having more foreign investors that will help change the economic situations. The importance of a wide range of institutional variables and government policy as determinants of the location of FDI and find that better institutions have overall positive and economically significant effect on FDI.
Bilateral and multilateral agreement between China and SSA are helping to attract more FDI from China to SSA and the establishment of regional economic policy such as the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD). One of the major agreements is the Chinese-Africa Corporation Forum where partners meet every three years to review economic issues that will benefit and smoothening business relationship.

China -Sub Sahara Africa FDI
Over a decade, the socio-economic relationship of China-Africa has significantly increased especially since the coming into existence of the forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), which has been serving as the engine room for INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT strategy economic integration, cooperation and diplomatic relation. The economic integration between China and Sub-Sahara Africa involves investment, financed and trade relationship towards achieving a greater economic goal. All the Africa nations are benefiting over 45% foreign direct investment from China across all spheres of businesses from oil and gas sector, construction, manufacturing, extractive and financial services. The Chinese's banks (Exim bank of China) having been supporting infrastructural investment in Africa especially South Africa, Algeria, Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya Nigeria etc., currently over 2,300 private Chinese firms are operating in SSA. China foreign direct investment has increased tremendously because the Chinese government adopted various mechanisms to encourage investment oversea by making resources available for investment. The decaying energy and transport sectors attracted greater attention, agriculture, manufacturing sector are inclusive. In the transport sector the Chinese investors has done greatly in the construction of various railways line across the continent such as the Lagos -Kano line, Nigeria, Benguela line, linking Angola and Zambia, Addis Ababa -Djibouti line, Ethiopia, Mali -Guinea line, Kenya etc. China FDI in Sub-Sahara Africa has provided a new dimension and opportunities for African nations to benefits from the skills and technological advancement brought by the Chinese firms and this has provided jobs opportunities for the growing population especially in labour-intensive manufacturing industries. The Chinese FDI distribution in 21 selected countries in Sub-Sahara Africa from 2003-2019 is shown in Table. FDI  Figure 1 shows that South Africa is the largest recipient (9164.99 million US dollar) of FDI inflow from China among all the selected countries. The least recipient is Chinese FDI is Seychelles with a value of 452.88 million US dollar within the period under review.
The general trends of Chinese FDI in SSA reveal a significant increase from time to time especially in some countries such as South Africa, Nigeria, Algeria, Angola etc., although decreases at time. In Nigeria for instance, Chinese investment cover different sector but largely in the construction, telecommunication and oil and gas industry. Meanwhile, China FDI are more concentrated in few SSA countries as a result of their natural resources -South Africa (Gold), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Diamond), Algeria (copper), Angola (Diamond), Nigeria(oil), Zambia (copper), Ethiopia (hydropower potentials) and Zimbabwe (Diamond) from 2003 to 2019 and favorable economic policy. These countries accounted for an average of 66% of the total FDI to SSA within the period under review.   5 In 2019, FDI greenfield investment monitoring market reported that 170 manufacturing FDI project were executed in Sub-Sahara Africa, which exceeded the previous annual average of 109 projects with estimated increase in jobs creation by 92% to 33,855. Kenya, Uganda, Malawi and Ghana recorded a significant improvement in Greenfield manufacturing and agricultural business was the most active during the period of 2019, meanwhile 2017, the construction and mining industry accounted for over 52% of China FDI to SSA. 6 The Figure 3 reveals that, 2017 top five sectors for China's FDI to SSA. FDI inflows to construction was 29.80%, mining 22.5%, manufacturing 14%, finance 13.2%, leasing and business services 5.3% and others 15.2%. The investment in manufacturing, mining and construction sector accounted for 66.3% of total FDI in 2017. UNCTAD reveals that, the Greenfield FDI in manufacturing sector (clothing, leather and textiles) are relatively 20 times stable compare to previous years. 7 The investments in the manufacturing industry are germane to SSA economic diversification which represents a larger portion of total GDP. However, the Chinese FDI are helping in accelerating the rate of investment especially in the area of skills, knowledge and technology transfers in less develop nations. The growth and development of the many sectors leads to the provision of employment for the growing population in SSA. INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT

Conclusion
Foreign direct investments enhance economic growth and development in the recipient country. Sub-Sahara Africa countries are beneficiaries of foreign direct investment from China. In spite of the laudable economic benefits of Chinese FDI in telecommunication, manufacturing, banking, transportation and construction industry to the recipient countries in Sub-Sahara Africa, the living standard of the people and social infrastructural facilities, employment conditions and many others remain on the increase. Chinese investors should be encouraged by the SSA to invest in various industries in nation economies in the continent of Africa. This can be done by improving the financial markets to attract Chinese foreigners to invest their money in various securities such as corporate bonds and equities (stocks). SSA must ensure that China investors are doing businesses in accordance with the laws and regulations governing business operations; A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between SSA and Chinese investors should be entered into to encourage Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and increase the investment opportunities in the country. Foreign investors must be protected against nationalization and expropriation.